Sexual Abuse And Assault Act - 1499 Words

Sexual Abuse and Assault As the words of sexual abuse or sexual assault come to mind, people would ignore the subject as seeing sexual abuse as an unimportant topic to be talked about. In addition, they will often criticize that women are usually the victims being targeted, when in reality, this issue has been happening to men as well as innocent children. Sexual abuse is no laughing matter, there are people who did not even ask for it to happen to them, because all they want to do is return to live a normal life, but they cannot. Moreover, there are people who choose to either not get involved with the issue or decide that it is best to ignore the topic all together. Sexual abuse happens everywhere to anyone at any time; it does not choose a specific race, sex or age. Most still do not understand the outcomes of how sexual abuse can affect people in the worst ways. Sexual abuse has a way to mentally and physically damage a human being; just the thought of that recurring nightmare is enough to damage a child’s spirit. It is honestly hard or unknown to understand where or how sexual abuse actually comes from. People would think that when people are victims of sexual abuse, it would often be a stranger who is stalking them and hurting them. Instead, it is people whom the victims knew or are familiar with who are the ones that are hurting them. For children, they become adults, it would be hard for them to trust anyone ever again. However, when seeing abuse from aShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violenece and Sexual Assault1518 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence (DV) and Sexual Assault (SA) are persistent and serious problems affecting millions of individuals from different countries, ages, race, economic status or education, and religions. These problems severely affect the victims in addition to the entire society and are associated with several other social ills (Lien 2003). Case studies of personal abuse and violence, particularly between families and dom estic partners, are the main occurrences that are dealt with at Hoke County DomesticRead MoreThe Assault Of Sexual Assault Crimes775 Words   |  4 PagesSexual assault crimes are crimes that are unfortunately occurring in a more consistent bases. This type of crime also happens to anyone, either the person is a male or a female and does not matter where you live. In the past, this type of crime was considered to have a vague definition what is sexual assault and how it can be proven. There were not clear definition on who were the actual victims of this type of crime, for example does this apply only to women or does it also apply to younger victimsRead MoreSexual Abuse And Sexual Assault Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagesphrase sexual abuse we all have a tendency to assume the victim is a female. It is only a myth that males are not sexually assaulted, or that it only happens in while incarcerated. Sexual assaults can happen to anyone no matter their age, sex, orientation, or even identity. In fact, in between 9-10% of all male rape survivors outside of prisons are male and 16% of men have experienced sexual abuse before the age of 18. These reports are only an estimate because most male survivors of sexual abuseRead MoreCrimes That Relate to Chemical Addiction.1237 Words   |  5 Pagesharmful act that is committed to one or more individuals. To be classified as a crime, the act of doing something bad (actus reus) must be usually accompanied by the intention to do something bad (mens read), with certain exceptions (strict liability). For example, if you go to someone and beat him or her up, you intended to do physical harm, and therefore you have committed an assault. One of the crimes that relate to chemical addiction is sexual assault. Many people feel that sexual assaults onlyRead MoreChild Of Rage : A Story Of Abuse924 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the documentary, Child of Rage: A Story of Abuse, the sexual abuse Beth Thomas lived through caused her to, â€Å"never developed a sense of conscious, love, or trust for anyone† (Monet, 1990). Because of the early experiences, Beth grew up exhibiting inappropriate behaviors, especially toward those who were closest to her, in this case her family (Monet, 1990). A child is defined as a person under the age of 18 or in cases specific to sexual abuse the â€Å"age is specified by the child protection lawRead MoreRape Among Americans : Rape1220 Words   |  5 PagesRape Among Americans Rape is a violent crime that involves forcing sexual acts on a person. Sexual assault is a serious problem and should be stopped. It can happen to anyone: no one is safe. Every one out of six Americans are raped each year. This includes men,women,and children. Some people believe that rape isn’t a prominent problem, but statistics show it occurs more frequently than we could ever imagine. Rape and its forms Although it all falls under the general topic of rape, there are differentRead MoreBackground And Consequences Of Child Sexual Abuse1585 Words   |  7 Pagesto Child Sexual Abuse in Nigeria, author do hope this piece of paper will bring the light on relevant facts and concerned authorizes take some steps to make the condition better. Chapter I: Background and Consequences of Child Sexual Abuse Introduction Sexual forcefulness is a common occurrence and happens worldwide. Data obtainable proposes that in some countries nearly one in five women report sexual forcefulness by a familiar partner. Also up to one third of girls report enforced sexual instigationRead MoreGender Based Violence Against Women1428 Words   |  6 Pagesoften happens at the hands of friends, loved ones, and family members who find a way to justify the abuse and/or put the blame back on the victim. Gender-based violence against women is commonly seen as both a consequence and a cause of gender inequality (mainstream domestic, 194). In this paper, gender-based violence will be discussed in three forms, intimate partner abuse, harassment, and sexual assault. Intimate partner violence is also referred to as domestic violence, moreover it is violence betweenRead MoreGender-Based Violence. Gender-Based Violence Is Only One1438 Words   |  6 Pageshappens at the hands of friends, loved ones, and family members who find a way to justify the abuse and/or put the blame back on the victim. Gender-based violence against women is commonly seen as both a consequence and a cause of gender inequality (Walby, Towers, Francis, 2014, p. 194). In this paper, gender-based violence will be discussed in three forms, intimate partner abuse, harassment, and sexual assault. Intimate partner violence is also referred to as domestic violence, moreover it is violenceRead MoreA Deeper Understanding Of Underlying Issues Within The Student Body1104 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Sexual assault is a prevalent issue in Universities and Colleges across the world. Various post-secondary institutions do not have a proper system for administering the sexual assault crime or act of rape. Although authority figures, including campus police and staff members, do their best to get involved and prevent such devastating events from occurring, sexual abuse continues to take place behind closed doors. With an ever-growing population and University entry rate, students are

Violence Against Women ( Vaw ) Essay - 1153 Words

INTRODUCTION Violence against women (VAW) is, aggregately, vicious acts that are basically or solely dedicated against ladies. Some of the time considered a disdain wrongdoing, this sort of brutality focuses on a speciï ¬ c bunch with the casualty s sex as an essential thought process. This sort of viciousness is sexual orientation based, implying that the demonstrations of savagery are submitted against ladies explicitly on the grounds that they are ladies. The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women states that: violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women and that violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compare with men.† Brutality against ladies can ï ¬ t into a few general classes. These incorporate roughness did by people and also states. A portion of the types of savagery executed by people are assault; aggressive behavior at home; lewd behavior; coercive utilization of contraceptives; female child murder; pre-birth sex choice; obstetric roughness and swarm brutality; and additionally unsafe standard or conventional practices, for example, honor killings, endowment viciousness, and female genital mutilation, marriage by snatching and constrained marriage. A few types of brutality are executed or excused by the state, for example, war assault; sexual savagery and sexual servitude amid struggle; constrainedShow MoreRelatedForms Of Violence Against Women1210 Words   |  5 Pages Forms of Violence Against Women Introduction In Pakistan, women live in a confined world that is structured by family, tribal, and religious customs. As such, women are subjected to not only violence but also discrimination on a daily basis. This has been brought about by the interpretation of Islam, the main religion in the country, which views women as persons needing maximum protection. This consequently leads to their oppression emotionally, physically, and mentally. They face various formsRead MoreViolence Against Women-an Issue of Human Rights2605 Words   |  11 PagesPAPER ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN-AN ISSUE OF HUMAN RIGHTS By Ms Shabana Kesar Asst. Professor Department of Women Education Maulana Azad National Urdu University Mailing address : Department of women education, MANUU, Gachchibowli, Hyderabad, 500032. E-mail ID: - sabasuri@gmail.com Paper- Violence against women[VAW]-An issue of Human Rights Synopsis:- ïÆ'Ëœ Introduction ïÆ'Ëœ issue of human rights ïÆ'Ëœ VAW a health social issue ïÆ'Ëœ Dimensions causes of violence ïÆ'Ëœ VAW a global Indian scenario ïÆ'Ëœ FailureRead MoreEssay Domestic Violence2426 Words   |  10 Pagespractice of violence is prevalent throughout the world and millions of people die every year because of violence. One of the most pervasive forms of violence is domestic violence (Heise et al., 1994) (Koenig et al., 2003), which is hampering the harmony of communities, families and even individuals. Millions of families and homes have been and are being destroyed every year because of domestic violence. There are many forms of domestic violence such as violence against spouses, women, men, childrenRead MorePolicy Analysis on Republic Act No. 92622016 Words   |  9 PagesThe fight for the rights of women against violence was emphasized during the Cold War and postwar era when women leaders brought up the subject relating to the rank of women in the society. This discussion resulted to the affirmation of the Decade for Women (1976-1985) which talks about the desire of women worldwide for equality, peace and dev elopment. Despite this improvement, violence against women was not acknowledged as a human rights issue up until the Vienna Conference on Human Rights whichRead MoreGender Based Violence Against Women Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesNo two societies are the same, but all of them include violence against women. The book, Forsaken Females by A. Parrot and N. Cumming, gives important insight and a new understanding of the global brutalization of women. Violence against women can be defined as â€Å"any gender based violence that results in, or is likely to result, in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivations of such liberty, whether occurring inRead MoreCrime Against Women and Challenges to Overcome Them5619 Words   |  23 Pagesâ€Å"Crimes against women and challenges in abolishing the crimes† ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SUBMITTED BY: - Ritu Rajput DATE OF BIRTH:-28-09-1991 ADDRESS:-H.NO 1162 SECTOR-K AASHIANA COLONY LUCKNOW (U.P) TELEPHONE NO.:-07376756042 EMAIL: - riturajput.amity@gmail.com ------------------------------------------------- AMITY LAW UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW (UTTAR PRADESH) BA.LLB (2010-2015) 3rd YEAR, Semester VI Read MoreHonour Killings2634 Words   |  11 Pagesdaughters have been killed in the name of honor often condone such violent acts. Convicted killers often speak with defiant pride and without regret about their actions. The Concept of Honor Killing Honor Killing is one form of extreme violence perpetrated on women by men in certain societies. Most commonly, it is premeditated killing of a girl or a woman who is perceived to have besmirched her family’s honor by her sexual conduct. It is committed by the accused woman’s male kin in the name of restoringRead MoreSocial Media790 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation of violence related to women, but there is a report evaluating the effectiveness of social media campaign (Facebook, YouTube and Blog) demonstrating that social media is an influential medium to help prevent VAW (Liou 2013). Rasmussen (n.d.) and DVV(2015) confirm that social media plays an essential role to contribute to the primary prevention of VAW because it allows public to access information for their understanding leading to behavioural change. Some authors claim that women are seenRead MoreGulabi Gang and the Fight on Violence against Women1258 Words   |  5 PagesGulabi Gang and the Fight on Violence against Women In Uttar Pradesh, India, a group of women wearing pink saris and sticks called lathis (batons used by policemen) have been making news worldwide because of its radical method of beating abusive men / husbands to their wives with their sticks. This group of women is called the Gulabi or Pink Gang, and their objective is to provide justice to abused wives / women by beating their husbands with sticks (and in some instances, throwing chili to theirRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act910 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence affects millions of Americans in different circumstances annually. Over the years, the numbers of reported cases of domestic violence gained stable growth prompting social activists and legislators to draw stiff measures to counter the problem. About one in four women are affected by domestic violence in the United States. The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that at least four-hundred and seven-thousand incidents of domestic violence crimes were comm itted in the year 2010

Biography of Zhu Di, Chinas Yongle Emperor

Zhu Di (May 2, 1360–August 12, 1424), also known as the Yongle Emperor, was the third ruler of Chinas Ming Dynasty. He embarked on a series of ambitious projects, including the lengthening and widening of the Grand Canal, which carried grain and other goods from southern China to Beijing. Zhu Di also built the Forbidden City and led a number of attacks against the Mongols, who threatened the Mings northwestern flank. Fast Facts: Zhu Di Known For: Zhu Di was the third emperor of Chinas Ming dynasty.Also Known As: Yongle EmperorBorn: May 2, 1360 in Nanjing, ChinaParents: Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress MaDied: August 12, 1424 in Yumuchuan, ChinaSpouse: Empress XuChildren: Nine Early Life Zhu Di was born on May 2, 1360, to the future founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, and an unknown mother. Although official records claim the boys mother was the future Empress Ma, rumors persist that his true biological mother was a Korean or Mongolian consort of Zhu Yuanzhang. From an early age, according to Ming sources, Zhu Di proved more capable and courageous than his older brother Zhu Biao. However, according to Confucian principles, the eldest son was expected to succeed to the throne. Any deviation from this rule could spark a civil war. As a teenager, Zhu Di became Prince of Yan, with his capital at Beijing. With his military prowess and aggressive nature, Zhu Di was well-suited to holding northern China against raids by the Mongols. At 16, he married the 14-year-old daughter of General Xu Da, who commanded the northern defense forces. In 1392, Crown Prince Zhu Biao died suddenly of an illness. His father had to choose a new successor: either the Crown Princes teenaged son, Zhu Yunwen, or the 32-year-old Zhu Di. Keeping with tradition, the dying Zhu Biao chose Zhu Yunwen, who was next in line for succession. Path to the Throne The first Ming emperor died in 1398. His grandson, Crown Prince Zhu Yunwen, became the Jianwen Emperor. The new emperor carried out his grandfathers orders that none of the other princes should bring their legions to observe his burial, for fear of civil war. Bit by bit, the Jianwen Emperor stripped his uncles of their lands, power, and armies. Zhu Bo, the prince of Xiang, was forced to commit suicide. Zhu Di, however, feigned mental illness as he plotted a revolt against his nephew. In July 1399, he killed two of the Jianwen Emperors officers, the first blow in his uprising. That fall, the Jianwen Emperor sent a force of 500,000 against Beijing armies. Zhu Di and his army were out on patrol elsewhere, so the women of the city fended off the imperial army by throwing crockery at them until their soldiers returned and routed Jianwens forces. By 1402, Zhu Di had made his way south to Nanjing, defeating the emperors army at every turn. On July 13, 1402, as he entered the city, the imperial palace went up in flames. Three bodies—identified as those of the Jianwen Emperor, the empress, and their oldest son—were found among the charred wreckage. Nonetheless, rumors persisted that Zhu Yunwen had survived. At the age of 42, Zhu Di took the throne under the name Yongle, meaning perpetual happiness. He immediately set about executing anyone who opposed him, along with their friends, neighbors, and relatives—a tactic invented by Qin Shi Huangdi. He also ordered the construction of a large ocean-going fleet. Some believe that the ships were intended to search for Zhu Yunwen, whom some believed had escaped to Annam, northern Vietnam, or some other foreign land. Treasure Fleet Between 1403 and 1407, the Yongle Emperors workmen built well over 1,600 oceangoing junks of various sizes. The largest were called treasure ships, and the Armada was known as the Treasure Fleet. In 1405, the first of seven voyages of the Treasure Fleet left for Calicut, India, under the direction of the Yongle Emperors old friend, the eunuch Admiral Zheng He. The Yongle Emperor would oversee six voyages through 1422, and his grandson would launch a seventh in 1433. The Treasure Fleet sailed as far as the east coast of Africa, projecting Chinese power throughout the Indian Ocean and gathering tribute from far and wide. The Yongle Emperor hoped these exploits would rehabilitate his reputation after the bloody and anti-Confucian chaos by which he gained the throne. Foreign and Domestic Policies Even as Zheng He set out on his first voyage in 1405, Ming China dodged a huge bullet from the west. The great conqueror Timur had been detaining or executing Ming envoys for years and decided it was time to conquer China in the winter of 1404-1405. Fortunately for the Yongle Emperor and the Chinese, Timur became ill and died in what is now Kazakhstan. The Chinese seem to have been oblivious to the threat. In 1406, the northern Vietnamese killed a Chinese ambassador and a visiting Vietnamese prince. The Yongle Emperor sent an army half a million strong to avenge the insult, conquering the country in 1407. However, Vietnam revolted in 1418 under the leadership of Le Loi, who founded the Le Dynasty, and by 1424 China had lost control of nearly all Vietnamese territory. The Yongle Emperor considered it a priority to erase all traces of Mongolian cultural influence from China, following his fathers defeat of the ethnically-Mongol Yuan Dynasty. He did reach out to the Buddhists of Tibet, however, offering them titles and riches. Transport was a perpetual issue early on in the Yongle era. Grain and other goods from southern China had to be shipped along the coast or else portaged from boat to boat up the narrow Grand Canal. The Yongle Emperor had the Grand Canal deepened, widened, and extended up to Beijing—a massive financial undertaking. After the controversial palace fire in Nanjing that killed the Jianwen Emperor, and a later assassination attempt there against the Yongle Emperor, the third Ming ruler decided to permanently move his capital north to Beijing. He built a massive palace compound there, called the Forbidden City, which was completed in 1420. Decline In 1421, the Yongle Emporers favorite senior wife died in the spring. Two concubines and a eunuch were caught having sex, setting off a horrific purge of palace staff that ended with the Yongle Emperor executing hundreds or even thousands of his eunuchs, concubines, and other servants. Days later, a horse that had once belonged to Timur threw the emperor, whose hand was crushed in the accident. Worst of all, on May 9, 1421, three bolts of lightning struck the main buildings of the palace, setting the newly completed Forbidden City on fire. Contritely, the Yongle Emperor remitted grain taxes for the year and promised to halt all expensive foreign adventures, including the Treasure Fleet voyages. His experiment with moderation did not last long, however. In late 1421, after the Tatar ruler Arughtai declined to pay tribute to China, the Yongle Emperor flew into a rage, requisitioning over a million bushels of grain, 340,000 pack animals, and 235,000 porters from three southern provinces to supply his army during its attack on Arughtai. The emperors ministers opposed this rash attack and six of them ended up imprisoned or dead by their own hands as a result. Over the next three summers, the Yongle Emperor launched annual attacks against Arughtai and his allies, but never managed to find the Tatar forces. Death On August 12, 1424, the 64-year-old Yongle Emperor died on the march back to Beijing after another fruitless search for the Tatars. His followers fashioned a coffin and carried him to the capital in secret. The Yongle Emperor was buried in a mounded tomb in the Tianshou Mountains, about 20 miles from Beijing. Legacy Despite his own experience and misgivings, the Yongle Emperor appointed his quiet, bookish eldest son Zhu Gaozhi as his successor. As the Hongxi Emperor, Zhu Gaozhi would lift tax burdens on peasants, outlaw foreign adventures, and promote Confucian scholars to positions of power. The Hongxi Emperor survived his father for less than a year; his own eldest son, who became the Xuande Emperor in 1425, would combine his fathers love of learning with his grandfathers martial spirit. Sources Mote, Frederick W.  Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press, 2003.Roberts, J. A. G.  The Complete History of China. Sutton, 2003.

The Fourth Amendment And Warrants - 1710 Words

The Fourth Amendment and Warrants The US Bill of Rights, written to limit government power in response to the tyranny of England on the colonies, gave birth to the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. The fourth amendment, contained within the Bill of Rights, will be the principle subject in this research paper. Swanson, Chamelin, Territo and Taylor (2012), noted the Constitution’s fourth amendment stated the following: The Right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or†¦show more content†¦The courts would further recognize exceptions to warrant requirements which also granted legal authority to search and seize without a warrant. The following paper discusses the importance of the fourth amendment in regard to legal search and seizures by obtaining legal warrants and the impact the amendment has had on court cases. The warrant As noted by Swanson et al. (2012), search warrants are legally obtained court documents which direct police to search for specific property at a specific place. Law enforcement personnel must apply for a warrant by providing the courts an affidavit. This affidavit outlines the facts that a crime has occurred or will occur leading the officer to have reasonable suspicion and/or probable cause to believe the person, items or place they are to search are located at the specific place to be searched (Sekhom, 2011). Once the judge signs off on the validity of the affidavit he or she can issue a warrant allowing law enforcement to execute the requirements of the warrant. It is important to note that the warrant itself cannot be used to establish probable cause (Swanson et al., 2012). To curb injustices, law enforcement officers must establish probable cause or have reasonable suspicion that a crime occurred. If additional items are found within the scope of a valid search warrant exe cution, officers must then re-apply for a new

Personhood Refereed As Self Awareness Theory - 872 Words

Personhood refereed as self-awareness theory was developed by a philosopher, DeGrazia, in his book of Great Apes. The theory explains two concepts that define who a human is. The first concept is intentional doing; if a person is able to do things internationally then he or she qualifies to be a human according to the theory. The founder of this theory states that this is the main reason why chimpanzees are not categorized as human beings (DeGrazia 38). Applying it in the book, Kathy was making her decisions intentionally. For example, she decided on become Tommy’s carer intentionally. She also worked as a care in her life out of her intentions. This shows that the author of the book presented all clones as humans. On the other hand, the theory defines human out of their self-awareness. The theory states that individuals can be referred as humans if they can explain their identity. Kathy narrates her story in the book in the first person where she begins by stating that I am Kathy, a thirteen year-old girl. This shows that she is aware of herself which suggest that she is a human. Generally, the book explains that clones are human beings and this issue is very important to the paper where its importance will be seen later in the paper. The main key theories that are applicable in the book Never let me go are moral theories. This is because of various reasons which will be covered in this section before applying the real theories. Clones in the book are just developed inShow MoreRelatedNever Let Me Go By Kazuo Ishiguro4270 Words   |  18 Pagesbe understood through application of different theories and that is why the paper will apply different types of theories in the book Never let me go. Some of the theories that will be applied in the paper are; moral theories, consequentialism, virtue ethics theory, right based theory, natural raw theory, Kantian moral theory and many other theories that are applicable in the book. Generally, the objective of the paper is to apply different theories in the book Never let me go in order to examine

Ch17 Blood free essay sample

Blood Objectives Overview: Blood Composition and Functions 1. Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue. 2. List eight functions of blood. Blood Plasma 3. Discuss the composition and functions of plasma. Formed Elements 4. Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes. 5. Describe the chemical makeup of hemoglobin. 6. Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes. Explain what goes wrong in each disorder. 7. List the classes, structural characteristics, and functions of leukocytes. 8. Describe how leukocytes are produced. 9. Give examples of leukocyte disorders, and explain what goes wrong in each disorder. 10. Describe the structure and function of platelets. Hemostasis 11. Describe the processes of hemostasis. List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting. 12. Give examples of hemostatic disorders. Indicate the cause of each condition. Transfusion and Blood Replacement 13. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions. 14. Describe fluids used to replace blood volume and the circumstances for their use. Diagnostic Blood Tests 15. Explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing. Developmental Aspects of Blood 16. Describe changes in the sites of blood production and in the type of hemoglobin produced after birth. 17. Name some blood disorders that become more common with age. Chapter Outline I. Overview: Blood Composition and Functions (pp. 635–636; Fig. 17. 1) A. Components (p. 635; Fig. 17. 1) 1. Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of living cells, called formed elements, suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix, blood plasma. 2. Blood that has been centrifuged separates into three layers: erythrocytes, the buffy coat, and plasma. . The blood hematocrit represents the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood. B. Physical Characteristics and Volume (p. 635) 1. Blood is a slightly basic (pH = 7. 35–7. 45) fluid that has a higher density and viscosity than water, due to the presence of formed elements. 2. Normal blood volume in males is 5–6 liters, and 4–5 liters for females. C. Functions (pp. 635–636) 1. Blood is the medium for delivery of oxygen and nutrients, removal of metabolic wastes to elimination sites, and distribution of hormones. 2. Blood aids in regulating body temperature, body fluid pH, and fluid volume within fluid compartments. . Blood protects against excessive blood loss through the clotting mechanism, and from infection through the immune system. II. Blood Plasma (p. 636; Table 17. 1) A. Blood plasma consists of mostly water (90%), and solutes including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, products of cell activity, ions, and proteins (p. 636; Table 17. 1). B. Plasma proteins account for 8% of plasma solutes, mostly albumin, which function as carriers (p. 636). III. Formed Elements (pp. 637–649; Figs. 17. 2–17. 12; Table 17. 2) A. Erythrocytes (pp. 637–643; Figs. 17. 2–17. 8) 1. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are small cells that are biconcave in shape. They lack nuclei and most organelles, and contain mostly hemoglobin. a. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding pigment that is responsible for the transport of most of the oxygen in the blood. b. Hemoglobin is made up of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment. 2. Production of Erythrocytes a. Hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation, occurs in the red bone marrow. b. Erythropoiesis, the formation of erythrocytes, begins when a myeloid stem cell is transformed to a proerythroblast, which develops into mature erythrocytes. . Erythrocyte production is controlled by the hormone erythropoietin. d. Dietary requirements for erythrocyte formation include iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid, as well as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. e. Blood cells have a short life span due to the lack of nuclei and organelles; destruction of dead or dying blood cells is accomplished by macrophages. 3. Erythrocyte Disorders a. Anemias are characterized by a deficiency in RBCs. b. Polycythemia is characterized by an abnormal excess of RBCs. B. Leukocytes (pp. 643–648; Figs. 17. 9–17. 11; Table 17. 2) 1. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the only formed elements that are complete cells and make up less than 1% of total blood volume. 2. Leukocytes are critical to our defense against disease. 3. Granulocytes are a main group of leukocytes characterized as large cells with lobed nuclei and visibly staining granules; all are phagocytic. a. Neutrophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte. They are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation and are active phagocytes. b. Eosinophils are relatively uncommon and attack parasitic worms. c. Basophils are the least numerous leukocyte and release histamine to promote inflammation. . Agranulocytes are a main group of lymphocytes that lack visibly staining granules. a. T lymphocytes directly attack virus-infected and tumor cells; B lymphocytes produce antibody cells. b. Monocytes become macrophages and activate T lymphocytes. 5. Production and Life Span of Leukocytes a. Leukopoiesis, the formation of white blood cells, is regulated by th e production of interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF). b. Leukopoiesis involves differentiation of hemocytoblasts along two pathways: lymphoid and myeloid stem cells. 6. Leukocyte Disorders a. Leukopenia is an abnormally low white blood cell count. . Leukemias are clones of a single white blood cell that remain unspecialized and divide out of control. c. Infectious mononucleosis is a disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. C. Platelets (pp. 648–649; Fig. 17. 12) 1. Platelets are not complete cells, but fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes. 2. Platelets are critical to the clotting process, forming the temporary seal when a blood vessel breaks. 3. Formation of platelets involves repeated mitoses of megakaryocytes without cytokinesis. IV. Hemostasis (pp. 649–654; Figs. 17. 13–17. 14; Table 17. 3) A. A break in a blood vessel stimulates hemostasis, a fast, localized response to reduce blood loss through clotting (p. 649). B. Vascular spasms are the immediate vasoconstriction response to blood vessel injury (p. 649). C. Platelet Plug Formation (pp. 649–650; Fig. 17. 13) 1. When endothelium is damaged, platelets become sticky and spiky, adhering to each other and the damaged vessel wall. 2. Once attached, other platelets are attracted to the site of injury, activating a positive feedback loop for clot formation. D. Coagulation, or blood clotting, is a multistep process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel (pp. 50–652; Figs. 17. 13–17. 14; Table 17. 3). 1. Factors that promote clotting are called clotting factors, or procoagulants; those that inhibit clot formation are called anticoagulants. 2. The clotting process involves three phases: formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and the formation of fibrin mesh fr om fibrinogen in the plasma. a. The intrinsic pathway of clotting is so named because all factors necessary are present within the blood. It is a slower clotting pathway, and may be triggered by negatively charged surfaces, such as activated platelets, collagen, or glass. b. The extrinsic pathway is triggered through an endothelium-derived protein factor, called tissue factor (TF) or factor III, and can occur very rapidly. E. Clot Retraction and Repair (p. 652) 1. Clot retraction is a process in which the contractile proteins within platelets contract and pull on neighboring fibrin strands, squeezing plasma from the clot and pulling damaged tissue edges together. 2. Repair is stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). F. Fibrinolysis removes unneeded clots through the action of the fibrin-digesting enzyme plasmin (p. 652). G. Factors Limiting Clot Growth or Formation (pp. 652–653) 1. Rapidly moving blood disseminates clotting factors before they can initiate a clotting cascade. 2. Thrombin that is not bound to fibrin is inactivated by antithrombin III and protein C, as well as heparin. H. Disorders of Hemostasis (pp. 653–654) 1. Thromboembolytic disorders result from conditions that cause undesirable clotting, such as roughening of vessel endothelium, slow-flowing blood, or blood stasis. 2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a situation leading to widespread clotting throughout intact vessels, and may occur as a complication of pregnancy, septicemia, or incompatible blood transfusions. . Bleeding disorders arise from abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation, such as a deficiency in circulating platelets, lack of synthesis of procoagulants, or hemophilia. V. Transfusion and Blood Replacement (pp. 654–657; Fig. 17. 15; Table 17. 4) A. Transfusion of whole blood is routine when blood loss is substantial, or when treating thrombocytopenia (pp. 654–656; Fig. 17. 15; Table 17. 4). 1. Humans have different blood types based on specific antigens on RBC membranes. 2. ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of two types of agglutinogens. 3. Preformed antibodies (agglutinins) are present in blood plasma and do not match the individual’s blood. 4. The Rh factor is a group of RBC antigens that are either present in Rh+ blood, or absent in Rh– blood. 5. A transfusion reaction occurs if the infused donor blood type is attacked by the recipient’s blood plasma agglutinins, resulting in agglutination and hemolysis of the donor cells. B. Plasma and blood volume expanders are given in cases of extremely low blood volume (pp. 656–657). VI. Diagnostic Blood Tests (p. 657) A. Changes in some of the visual properties of blood can signal diseases such as anemia, heart disease, and diabetes (p. 57). B. Differential white blood cell counts are used to detect differences in relative amounts of specific blood cell types (p. 657). C. Prothrombin time, which measures the amount of prothrombin in the blood, and platelet counts evaluate the status of the hemostasis system (p. 657). D. SMAC, SMA12–60, and com plete blood count (CBC) give comprehensive values of the condition of the blood (p. 657). VII. Developmental Aspects of Blood (p. 657) A. Prior to birth, blood cell formation occurs within the fetal yolk sac, liver, and spleen, but by the seventh month, red bone marrow is the primary site of hematopoiesis (p. 57). B. Fetal blood cells form hemoglobin-F, which has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin-A (p. 657). Cross References From Chapters 1-15 Additional information on topics covered in Chapter 17 can be found in the chapters listed below. 1. Chapter 3: Diffusion; osmosis 2. Chapter 4: Tissue repair 3. Chapter 6: Hematopoietic tissue Laboratory Correlations 1. Marieb, E. N. , and S. J. Mitchell. Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual: Cat and Fetal Pig Versions. Ninth Edition Updates. Benjamin Cummings, 2009. Exercise 29: Blood PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. Exercise 29B: Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation 2. Marieb, E. N. , and S. J. Mitchell. Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual: Main Version. Eighth Edition Update. Benjamin Cummings, 2009. Exercise 29: Blood PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. 0 Exercise 29B: Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation Online Resources for Students myAPâ„ ¢ www. myaandp. com The following shows the organization of the Chapter Guide page in myAPâ„ ¢. The Chapter Guide organizes all the chapter-specific online media resources for Chapter 17 in one convenient location, with e-book links to each section of the textbook. Students can also access AP Flix animations, MP3 Tutor Sessions, Interactive Physiology ® 10-System Suite, Practice Anatomy Labâ„ ¢ 2. 0, PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. 0, and much more. Objectives Section 17. 1 Overview: Blood Composition and Functions (pp. 635–636) Section 17. 2 Blood Plasma (p. 636) Memory Game: Blood Cells Section 17. 3 Formed Elements (pp. 637–649) MP3 Tutor Session: Hemoglobin: Function and Impact Interactive Physiology ® 10-System Suite: Respiratory System: Gas Transport Memory Game: Identifying the Formed Elements of Blood Case Study: Iron-Deficiency Anemia Case Study: Sickle-Cell Anemia Section 17. Hemostasis (pp. 649–654) Section 17. 5 Transfusion and Blood Replacement (pp. 654–657) Section 17. 6 Diagnostic Blood Tests (p. 657) Section 17. 7 Developmental Aspects of Blood (p. 657) Chapter Summary Crossword Puzzle 17. 1 Crossword Puzzle 17. 2 Crossword Puzzle 17. 3 Web Links Chapter Quizzes Art Labeling Quiz Matching Quiz Multiple-Choi ce Quiz True-False Quiz Chapter Practice Test Study Tools Histology Atlas myeBook Flashcards Glossary Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions Multiple-Choice and Matching Question answers appear in Appendix G of the main text. Short Answer Essay Questions 11. a. The formed elements are living blood cells. The major categories of formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. b. The least numerous of the formed elements are the leukocytes. c. The buffy coat in a hematocrit tube comprises the white blood cells and platelets. (p. 635) 12. Hemoglobin is made up of the protein globin bound to the pigment heme. Each molecule contains four polypeptide chains (globins) and four heme groups, each bearing an atom of iron in its center. Its function is to bind oxygen to each iron atom. When oxygen is loaded (bound to hemoglobin), the hemoglobin becomes bright red. When oxygen is unloaded from the iron, the hemoglobin becomes dark red. (p. 638) 13. With a high hematocrit, you would expect the hemoglobin determination to be high, since the hematocrit is the percent of blood made up of RBCs. (p. 635) 14. In addition to carbohydrates for energy and amino acids needed for protein synthesis, the nutrients needed for erythropoiesis are iron and certain B vitamins. (p. 640) 15. a. -In the process of erythropoiesis, a hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast, which gives rise to early, then late erythroblasts, normoblasts, and reticulocytes. b. The immature cell type released to the circulation is the reticulocyte. c. The reticulocyte differs from a mature erythrocyte in that it still contains some rough ER. (p. 639) 16. The physiological attributes that contribute to the function of white blood cells in the body include the ability to move by amoeboid action, exhibition of positive chemotaxis enabling them to pinpoint areas of tissue damage, diapedesis (moving through capillary walls), and the ability to participate in phagocytosis. (p. 643) 17. a. With a severe infection, the WBC count would be closest to 15,000 WBC/mm3 of blood. . This condition is called leukocytosis. (p. 643) 18. a. Platelets appear as small discoid fragments of large, multinucleated cells called megakaryocytes. They are essential for the clotting process and work by clumping together to form a temporary plug to prevent blood loss. b. Platelets should not be called â€Å"cells† because they are only fragments of cells. (p. 648) 19. a. Literally, hemostasis is â€Å"blood standing still† because it refers to clotted blood. It encompasses the steps that prevent blood loss from blood vessels. (p. 649) b. The three major steps of coagulation include the formation of prothrombin activator by a cascade of activated procoagulants, the use of prothrombin activator enzymatically to release the active enzyme thrombin from prothrombin, and the use of thrombin to cause fibrinogen to form fibrin strands. (pp. 649–652) c. The intrinsic pathway depends on substances present in (intrinsic to) blood. It has many more steps and intermediates, and is slower. The extrinsic mechanism bypasses the early steps of the intrinsic mechanism and is triggered by tissue factor (thromboplastin) released by injured cells in the vessel wall or in surrounding tissues. pp. 650–651) d. Calcium is essential to virtually all stages of coagulation. (p. 651) 20. a. Fibrinolysis is the disposal of clots when healing has occurred. b. The importance of this process is that without it, blood vessels would gradually become occluded by clots that are no longer necessary. (p. 652) 21. a. Clot overgrowth is usuall y prevented by rapid removal of coagulation factors and inhibition of activated clotting factors. (pp. 652–653) b. Two conditions that may lead to unnecessary (and undesirable) clot formation are roughening of the vessel wall endothelium and blood stasis. (p. 653) 22. Bleeding disorders occur when the liver cannot synthesize its usual supply of procoagulants. (p. 653) 23. a. A transfusion reaction involves agglutination of foreign RBCs, leading to clogging of small blood vessels, and lysis of the donated RBCs. It occurs when mismatched blood is transfused. b. Possible consequences include disruption of oxygen-carrying capacity, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, general toxicity, and renal failure. (p. 656) 24. Among other things, poor nutrition can cause iron-deficiency anemia due to inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or to pernicious anemia due to deficiency of vitamin B12. p. 642) 25. The most common blood-related problems for the aged include chronic types of leukemias, anemias, and thromboembolytic disease. (p. 657) Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 1. Hemopoiesis is a process involving fairly rapid cell production. Because chemotherapeutics simply target cells exhibiting rapid turnover (rather than other specific pro perties of cancer cells), hemopoiesis is a target of chemotherapeutic drugs and must be carefully monitored. (pp. 638–639) 2. a. The woman would probably be given a whole blood transfusion. It is essential that she maintain sufficient O2-carrying capacity to serve fetal needs and blood volume to maintain circulation. b. The blood tests that would be performed include tests for ABO and Rh group antigen and cross matching. (pp. 654–655) 3. a. Polycythemia accounts for his higher erythrocyte count because of the need to produce more RBCs to increase his O2 binding and transport ability in the high-altitude (thinner air) environment of the Alps. Enhanced production of RBCs was prompted by an increased production of erythropoietin. b. His RBC count will not stay higher than normal because the excess production of RBCs will depress erythropoietin production by the kidneys when adequate levels of O2 are being transported in the blood. (p. 643) 4. Janie’s leukocytes are immature or abnormal and are incapable of defending her body in the usual way. (p. 648) 5. Red bone marrow is the site of hemopoiesis, and if it is destroyed by benzene, hemocytoblasts will not be produced, which will reduce the production of megakaryocytes (the progenitor cells of platelets, which are involved in clotting). p. 638) 6. Tyler is turning out a high rate of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells), which accounts for his high hematocrit. (p. 639) 7. An analysis of the clotting process described in the text should reveal that the two blood proteins are thrombin and fibrinogen. (p. 650) 8. An elevated RBC count could be related to smoking, due to the frequent hypoxia that results from inhalation of oxygen-poor cigarette smoke. (p. 6 43) 9. Aspirin is a mild anticoagulant, which could cause excessive bleeding during or after surgery. (p. 653)

Enron and Business Ethics for Financial - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEnron and Business Ethics for Financial Events. Answer: The financial events of the business world and accounting scandals have raised questions about the accounting practices many times. Business ethics are more in theories rather than in actual accounting practices. In this context, the present discussion is on energy giant Enron and off-balance-sheet financing. The company Enron was dealing in electricity and natural gas in the energy industry. It used to provide the broadband services and the financial products related to energy. But the company evolved from the field of energy to hedge fund and high-risk investments. In the year 1999 with its new vision of creating financing vehicles, it was into off-balance sheet financing. The company was declared bankrupt on December 2, 2002. The current essay is about what is off-balance sheet financing, how it works and why it matters. The concept of business ethics and the ethical side of off- balance sheet financing by the company is also discussed. Sincere efforts have also been put to explai n the practices of off- balance sheet financing by the company in the light of the concept of business ethics and its importance to corporate governance. The off-balance sheet financing is an accounting method by which certain assets and liabilities are recorded in such a way that they do not appear on the balance sheet. There are so many economic events or transactions which cannot be recognized in the financial statements as GAAP doesnt qualify them as accounting assets or transactions. The types of off-balance sheet financing are as follows: Operating lease Take-or-pay contract Throughput arrangements Commodity-linked bonds The sale of accounts receivables Joint ventures Investments As the case was in Enron, there were special purpose vehicles (SPVs) or special purpose entities (SPEs). The ownership position was purchased by the companies in these SPEs. These SPEs maintain their separate balance sheet. The assets or liabilities of the companies are then placed on the balance sheet of the SPEs. The credit rating may be high in these SPEs than the firms sponsored them. But this helps SPEs to avail finance at a cheap rate. Enron used off-balance sheet financing to maintain financial covenants. This kind of financing is useful in case of preserving borrowing capacity, lowering the rate of borrowing and thus handling risks. Enron had a bad reputation for this kind of practices (MCAE, 2002). The off -balance sheet financing is such a practice that its appearance in the financial statements as a footnote can easily mislead its users (MCAE, 2002).As Enron stated, a footnote in the financial statements regarding this kind of off-balance sheet financing arrangements is very important as per theSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC)andGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).The companies need to disclose this kind of information to the investors. The GAAP also has laid down particular rules to record this kind of financing items. But awareness regarding these matters is not much to the stakeholders (Goergen, 2012). The Enron chapter was bad enough to make these regulatory bodies think over the standards and its guidelines related to the accounting practices. Here, the background of business ethics was closely related with the leadership mechanism in Enron. A sound business practice always makes an ethical approach. The respect, integrity, communication and excellence, all were included in the Enrons ethics code.It was also stated in the Enrons code of ethics that the employee shall always work for the best interest of the company without deriving any separate financial gain pertaining to the employment (Novak, 1996).But the violation of ethics and laws resulted in the collapse of Enron dramatically and eventual bankruptcy. The culture of the company has also affected the ethics of its employees. The high expectation of the company also demanded its managers to act in an unethical manner for nearest gain and that was reflected in the group behavior. The culture of arrogance made the employees of Enron believe that they were capable of handling more and more risk without any difficulty (Mallin, 2011). Ethics of respect and integrity were u ndermined due to companys focus on decentralization and indulging employees by appraisals and compensation. The root causes of the Enrons collapse were leadership failure and the culture of the company that supported unethical behavior to achieve numbers (Manoharan, 2011). As per business ethics, the corporate balance sheet should give the accurate picture of the financial condition of the company. But in Enron, the books of accounts were cooked in such an unscrupulous manner that even after disclosure of transactions as per GAAP in footnotes; it was hard to capture the alteration of the image. Nowadays, the disclosure requirements are made very strict regarding off-balance sheet transactions. Still, the creditors are not always attentive towards these kinds of activities (Sims Brinkmann, 2003). The Enron chapter revealed that the individuals in the organization need to be more accountable and ethically aware so that they do not indulge in structuring financial transactions deceitfully. The financial managers need to communicate the economic substance behind the financial transactions to comply with GAAP (MCAE, 2002). But business ethics can also be tricky. The accounting practices which are perfect from legal aspects and widely practiced can be unethical at the same time. The regulatory bodies also need to think of the ways to enforce the standards better. The economic objective of the standards should be made very clear and should require the firm to disclose the intention behind the accounting practices they adopt. The standards should be made easily understandable to ordinary people and investors (Earley Kelly, 2004). Ethically, it is the responsibility of the board and especially the audit committee to verify that the company is projecting and communicating the true fact regarding its financial position and financial transaction (Lander Auger, 2008). The corporate governance is also connected deeply with ethics. The corporate governance states that the company policies, customs, and laws to its employees should function from ground level to management level. The main aim is to create accountability. Here, the Business ethics plays a very vital role in corporate governance (Lander Auger, 2008). The necessity of a solid corporate governance is always argued giving the example of bankrupt employees and stakeholders of energy giant Enron. The principles of corporate governance include: Shareholder recognition and participation Recognition of Stakeholder interests Clearly outlined Board responsibilities Ethical behaviour Businesstransparency There were ethical issues that directly hit the corporate governance of Enron. The elements of law of diminishing control, cognitive dissonance, group cohesion, confirmatory bias and the the false consensus effect were found to block the flow of information in the company. The officers were found to hide the actual information deliberately by reporting the superiors inappropriately (Bartlett Glinska, 2001). There was also irrationality in decision making. The senior management was not into the proper monitoring of conduct at the operational level. The individual subgoals were not in line with the overall goal of the organization as well. The adverse information was being transferred to the senior management (Lubatkin, 2009). Hence, the ethics and laws were not followed due to the intimidation. The employees were reluctant and also not having the courage to question senior management in case of any doubt. There was also a major problem of over-optimism in the organization (Fernando, 2009).The corporate governance is highly important for any company to prevent fraud, scandals and the liability of the company related to it, either civil or criminal. This builds the clean image of the company so that it is responsible and worthy of stakeholders trusts. The companies need to realize in depth that business ethics are very important to get absorbed in the system. The reasons are many. An ethical vision of the company considering the interests of all the stakeholders ensures its sustainability (Douma Hein, 2013). The sustainable long-lived profits are always better than short-lived profits with high risk. The company with the support of the corporate governance operates ethically and play safe from a behavioral risk perspective. It also prevents the anti-capitalist sentiments within the organizations. The business world needs to understand that the resources are limited on the planet and the population is growing. If these resources are depleted by unethical manner for purely individual gain, the current and future generation would have to pay a very high cost (Douma Hein, 2013). The code of ethics of Enron based on respect, integrity, communication and excellence was of little help to its corporate governance. It failed to create an ethical environment in the company. The ethical collapse eventually resulted in the collapse of Enron. The corporate governance is dependent on the proper state of mind of people involved in the organization and their sole acceptance to it. It should not be just a list of rules and guidelines for them that they would intentionally or skillfully ignore. Above all, the company should be responsible for protecting the interests of all its stakeholders and should act accordingly. The top management should percolate the ethics based corporate governance from tip on toeing. Then only this kind of scandals can be avoided in the future. References Bartlett, C. A., Glinska, M. (2001). Enrons transformation: from gas pipeline to new economy powerhouse.Harvard Business School, (301-064). Douma, S Hein, S. (2013). Economic Approaches to Organizations. London: Pearson Earley, C. E., Kelly, P. T. (2004). A note on ethics educational interventions in an undergraduate auditing course: Is there an Enron effect?.Issues in Accounting Education,19(1), 53-71. Fernando, A C. (2009). Corporate Governance Policies and Principles. Oxford University Press Goergen , M. (2012). International Corporate Governance. Prentice Hall. Lander, G. H Auger, K. A. (2008). The need for transparency in financial reporting: Implications of off-balance-sheet financing and inferences for the future.Journal of Accounting Organizational Change,4(1), 27-46. Lubatkin, M.H. (2009). One more time: What is a realistic theory of corporate governance?. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 28(2), 59-67 Mallin, C.A. (2011). Handbook on International Corporate Governance: Country Analyses. Edward Elgar Publishing. Manoharan, T.N. (2011). Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance. The George Washington University. Sims, R. R., Brinkmann, J. (2003). Enron ethics or culture matters more than codes).Journal of Business ethics,45(3), 243-256. MCAE. (2002). What Really Went Wrong with Enron? A Culture of Evil. Retrieved May 12 ,2017 from https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/business-ethics/resources/what-really-went-wrong-with-enron/