Boston Lyric Opera Essay

1. BLOs eight customer objectives The first objective is to gain generous contri merelyions. The amount per donator, ration out between sore-fangled donators and rude(a) contacts (collection rate) and the total amount of the donators and contributions are ship canal to measuring stick how this aspect is doing. Incentives for the staff should also be incorporated into these objectives, especi eachy ones that steer the process towards multi-year support programs. To tone the get along with involvement and recruitment, it is in-chief(postnominal) that the reputation of the new board member is blameless and since opera house houseting in Boston, a local person with strong ties to the community would be better.To measure involvement the easiest right smart is to look the members activity, how many an other(a)(prenominal) generation theyve been in come uponings and how theyve acted to build strategy. For example number of new initiatives. Also hours spent educating the board members closely strategy and vision could be one measurement. structure an delicious reputation is hard and so is measuring it. Reviews on paper give a sight how the opera is doing, but the best way to know is to assembleer a consumer survey for example once a month. Also canvas the growth in visitors between BLO and other operas gives an idea. order different aspects is another way to measure the artistic view.Giving encourage for example to the lead singer or the orchestra will help to look how the opera is doing on its main field. These measures arent very proactive though, but helpful anyway. One objective is to launch a residency program. Its supremacy can be mensural by the amount of acceptances to invites and by comparing the audition amounts to normal. Like when measuring artistic reputation, the best way to measure how exciting and diverse operas repertories are is to see reviews and audience amounts. The grading system works when the given grades are compared to the rivals same grades and the shows are compared.These are of course not proactive measures. BLO wants to collaborate with other major artistic institutions like museums and theatres. Also other operas and specially talents working in them are important. One way to measure collaboration is the amount of tickets to opera that our associates sell. How many per cent of the total amount of s overaged tickets is it and have these collaborations brought new visitors to BLO. Community support and focalization on community programs can be measured with the amount of local donators and specially the amount of new supporters.Has the PR-campaign been emotional? Have local companies supported the opera? This can be measured with the amount of companies. Measurements that measure processes in line with the strategy are not always easy to feel and it usually takes a lot of prison term to find the right ways to use them. Often they need to be adjusted or reset to fit the strategy. The ma in challenge is to find measures that are pro-active and directive instead of domineering. 2. Boston Lyric opera had not really measured their organizational performance before.This had ultimately caused lack of focus and limited accountability. Boston Lyric Opera was mainly led by soft values as decimal measures and financials were not the topmost factors in decision making. The new general director Janice Del Sesto and BLOs board declare that there was a history of expensive opera productions and large losses in Bostons opera scene and they had to adapt a new business philosophy in order to operate fiscally. Non-profit organizations practically have a lack of focus and their strategy concentrates to too many things at the same time.Ken Freed, a BLO board member, hold that a more formal strategical planning process was essential for BLO in order to avoid mistakes that several arts organizations had made in the past. They inflexible to adapt the balance Scorecard to focus their strategic planning process. development the equilibrize Scorecard, BLO and its employees could see their day-to-day activities within a blown-upger and more strategic context. They started the veer by defining BLOs mission, strategy, competitive advantages, and distinguishing characteristics that would take hold it unique. The biggest change here was BLO reshaping its strategy.They acknowledged that their most important customers in this piazza are the people who resourced their organization. BLO received nearly 70 percent of their operating(a) budget from sources other than ticket sales, mostly from donors and supporters. BLO decided to place donors and supporters as their main interest group in the Balanced Scorecard. They were the body that enabled BLO to enrapture out their mission and strategy. Even though Boston Lyric Opera is a non-profit organization and its output is intangible, its organizational performance can be measured by quantitative measures.The Balanc ed Scorecard would bring quantitative measures alongside the qualitative measures. The Balanced Scorecard necessary BLO to quantify their activities. BLO acknowledged that and they for example created a database where they linked quantifiable donor data to qualitative information about donor meetings etc. Basically, the Balanced Scorecard required BLO to be managed like a business. 3. Lyric Opera had a new question ahead of them. They had to figure out what they wanted to become. BLOs existent strategy was not valid anymore as their operating expenses rise and revenues from ticket sales were limited.BLO decided to adapt the Balance Scorecard in order to set new strategic objectives and measure their performance against those objectives in order to overcome to challenges they were facing. Adapting the Balanced Scorecard, BLO was able to compose a dispatch and precise strategy. Actually, the strategy itself was quite complex and multidimensional but the Balanced Scorecard gave it a framework that presented the new strategy clearly. BLO set third strategic themes that they felt were important in reaching their goals and they had objectives and measures of success for all of the themes.Using the Balanced Scorecard and the strategy map, BLO was also able to transfer the new strategy clearly to their staff, stakeholders, and other associates. The fact that BLO now had capable information of their organization and operations, it could draw new donors to them. By using the Balanced Scorecard, BLO recognized their key success drivers and they started to focus on the activities that had the greatest extend to on their goals. They all had a clear common goal and BLOs staff worked cross- segmentally, motivationally to reach the goal of providing unique, uality opera in Boston. However Jessica Del Sesto and march Dahling-Sullivan go about roughly difficult challenges and barriers to capture the above-mentioned benefits. There was some opposition from a few board -members of changing the organizations governance structure, adapting the Balance Scorecard and managing an art organization by quantitative measures. These old school members did not recognize that BLO could not compete with the great opera houses and they could not standout from the crow without differentiating in some way.Del Sesto and Dahling-Sullivan were still able to admit out the new strategy and capture the benefits to make BLO a super successful arts organization. One of the most crucial parts of the adapting a new strategy was to communicate the strategy clearly to their staff, board members and other stakeholders. It is an unconditional requirement that people understand the new strategy and its benefits in order it to succeed. Del Sesto and Dahling-Sullivan used the strategy map in communicating the new strategy and it clearly presented the primer coats and benefits of the new strategy and it lighten opposition substantially. . The departmental managers and the emp loyees of BLO are more empowered after the BSC but the artistic leading are less. The managers are now more empowered because every department now gets to plan its own circuit card, and describe the ways how the department would meet the high level strategic goals. The employees are with the scorecard more empowered, as they can see the work in a more strategic context and therefore set priorities more effectively themselves. However the artistic leaders felt that the scorecard and specially the repertory planning scout could limit their opportunities in designing productions. . Del Sesto uses the BSC as a managerial system. The BSC rigorously concentrates on the big picture everything is based to support strategy. Del Sesto believes that the BSC helps her to steer board members attention to proper tasks. Also, she thanks BSC for helping employees to think more strategically, and with great clarity towards their objectives. All in all, Del Sesto is clearly more interested on the management aspect of the BSC. One explanation to this is that BLO is a nonprofit organization. Its reason to exist is not to make profit to its owners but to offer nicety to the community.All the objectives connected to the triplet main headsprings are easier to measure with controlling measurements. 6. Kaplan and Norton have studied the success of BSC implementations in different organizations. They have cerebrate five principals that contribute greatly to the success. These principals can also be found on BLOs BSC implementation. The process started with planning. Group consisting members from all functions thought in several meeting how the BSC should be made and what BLO is now and what it wants to be. All possible views were brought to conversations and the members were challenged to use their imagination.As a result the group made lead strategic themes which determined the main points to BLOs future strategy. These three big themes were divided to smaller parts and broug ht to a form that is clear to everyone in the organization. This is similar to Kaplans and Nortons principal 1, where the strategy is translated in to working(a) terms. The BSC was completed by determining the actions to be made so that the strategy can be fulfilled. After this all parts of the organization got to make scorecards of their own and were so committed to the strategy.The whole organization was aligned to meet the strategy (Principle 2). The project succeeded because BLO was able to find the crucial processes and finish them through. The force were part of the developing strongly. During the process of creating the BSC, the role of the entire staff in overall success was emphasized. This made them easier to adapt the new way of doing things and easier to understand the strategy and how it can be fulfilled (Principle 3). Often when BSC implementation fails it is because the scorecard is considered to be only managements project, just a top-level adjustment.As always wit h large scale organizational changes, also this project faced some resistance. Some board members and artistic staff were unsure about the motives for changing the old customs. This problem however was solved, as the need for change was successfully communicated through various levels of the organization (Principle 5). Other crucial point which was done well was the targeting. The mission was announced clearly and the goals were easy to understand. The three major themes were chosen wisely and chopped in to smaller pieces well.

Attitudinal Behaviour Essay

Purpose In score to classify respective(prenominal)s base on their demand, this paper aims to consider twain self-stated lieus and demeanors in a spaciotemporal roll out of daily nancial affairs. Furtherto a greater achievement, it aims to instruct the impacts of socio-demographic variables such as gender, age, and education. Design/ regularityology/approach A questionnaire was answered by 1,282 respondents in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. constituent depth psychological science revealed ve components. Based on these components a 2-step caboodle outline (Ward and K-means analyses) identied distinct subgroups. linear regressions were used to investigate the impacts of socio-demographic variables.Findings cypher summary revealed ve infralying dimensions of nancial spatial relations and behaviour anxiety, interests in nancial issues, closing styles, need for precautionary savings, and disbursal tendency. thumping analysis discussion sectioned th e respondents into ve subgroups ground on these dimensions with an ascending cast of specic take for nancial products. Gender, age, and education were install to exact signi camber impacts. seek limitations/implications Real consumption behaviour erectnot be observed through the survey, which limits the outdoor(a) validity of the conceive.Practical implications The divider identies different levels of nancial competence and involve for nancial products. It allows nancial avail erectrs to offer more effective advice and to find out customers on their get level to improve personal nancial management. Originality/value Attitudes and behaviours in daily nancial affairs atomic number 18 examined to reveal individuals nancial competence and consequential product needs. A different strain covers a variety of demographic groups. Keywords Personal nance, Savings, Questionnaires, Factor analysis, Cluster analysis, Switzerland Paper type Research paperIntroduction Everyone has to manage his or her personal nance in one way or some other. nigh tend to save a lot, some like to collect development before each purchase, some like to follow their gut feelings. surreptitious investors argon not a homogeneous group but sooner The authors would like to ac intimacy the support of the University Research Priority Program pay and fiscal commercialises of the University of Zurich and the National Centre of Competence in Research fiscal Valuation and Risk Management (NCCR FINRISK), Project 3, Evolution and Foundations of Financial Markets. In addition, they would like to thank the Swiss nancial guild that provided them with client data and the unknown referee for the helpful comments.International Journal of Bank Marketing Vol. 27 No. 2, 2009 pp. 108-128 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0265-2323 DOI 10.1108/02652320910935607individuals with various nancial practices have with different levels of experience, anxiety and interest in nancial matters (Gunn arsson and Wahlund, 1997). In an increasingly militant marketplace, nancial institutions need to emphasise customer kinships and the retention of existing customers that require an in-depth misgiving of their attitudes and behaviours (Harrison and Ansell, 2002). The heterogeneous market is divided into smaller more homogeneous groups to meet specic needs with a corresponding business model (Jenkins and McDonald, 1997). Market part relies, in the nancial industry, largely on socio-demographic randomness to dene segments for specic services (Harrison, 2000). It is questionable as to how appropriate they ar (Jorg, 2005), therefore in this study, selected aspects of nancial affairs such as routines and attitudes be gathered to gain insights towards signi movet behavioural names.The objective in this research is to examine the extent to which a broad range of reclusive investors enkindle be classied into a small number of clusters in order to learn about group-specic needs in n ancial affairs. More than 1,200 participants in Switzerland have answered our questionnaire with a solvent rate of 79 per penny. Unlike some other studies in this days (e.g. Lim and Teo, 1997 Wood and Zaichkowsky, 2004), this survey is not limited to students, but includes a broader range of the public. Instead of centraliseing solely on savings behaviour (EBRI, 2002 MacFarland et al., 2003), the position study embraces a wider scope of daily nancial concerns. Thereby component analysis exposes ve underlying dimensions anxiety, interests in nancial issues, decision styles, need for precautionary savings, and spending tendency.We try that our respondents can, based on these dimensions, be classied into ve distinct groups by cluster analysis where from cluster I to V, the need for action for a fail handling of nancial matters cast ups for example, the Gut-feeling followers show a intuitive way of decision fetching, disinterest in nancial subjects and a lack of aw atomic number 18ness for the need of readiness which make it difcult to argue for or to initiate remedial action. from each one cluster raises key issues in meeting their needs and allows for guidance to determination and adapt instruments to assist in specic nancial requirements. To illustrate how nancial behaviour can be modied to improve personal nance specically for each group, examples from the battlefield of retirement savings, an important part of daily nancial management, are chosen (Clark-Murphy and Soutar, 2005).Linear regression merely reveals that the clusters highlight socio-demographic characteristics and help generate a wagerer understanding, although one socio-demographic operator alone does not offer enough information to detect cluster membership. The main theoretical contribution of this paper is that we segment the investors based on the revealed dimensions in attitudes (e.g., level of anxiety), together with the self-stated nance-related behavioural pattern (e.g., sp ending tendency). In this way we could send the specic needs and provide different services to each subgroup. Theoretical background and literature brush up Individuals show considerable deviation from the expectation of rational behaviour implied by nancial models (Barberis, 2003). Being conscious of the empirical limitations of the homo economicus model for exploring the behaviour of private individuals, behavioural nance broadens the discover by combining knowledge from psychology and economics (Camerer and Loewenstein, 2004). Our study belongs to this area.However, instead of focusing on particular anomalies and bendes that individuals bow to, such as overcondence and procrastination (Biais et al., 2005 ODonoghue and Rabin, 1998), we broaden the scope under review by studying general patterns when dealing with nancial issues. Market segmentation In the nancial services industry, market segmentation is a common method to understand better and serve the diverse customer base with its large needs and various behaviours (Speed and Smith, 1992). Competitive pressures from deregulation of the nancial services market increase the requirement for market orientation course and a more intimate knowledge of the market and its segments (Gunnarsson and Wahlund, 1997). Previous research has shown that there are various benets from taking a segmented approach to the marketplace a better overhaul of customer requirements a tailoring of offerings and higher customer satisfaction (Harrison and Ansell, 2002).It can increase customer retention and create loyalty and long-term relationships that positively affect performance (Martenson, 2008). Market segmentation aims to recognise patterns of nancial behaviour, identied by studied segment predictors to group individuals into segments correspond to their product needs (Harrison, 2000). Yet, selling in the nancial services industry today is still predominantly based on socio-demographic features like gender and age whi ch are easy to identify and easy to apply in the composition of groups (Machauer and Morgner, 2001). A prediction of needs from socio-demographic characteristics cannot be assumed therefore these widely used a priori segmentations are under review (Speed and Smith, 1992). In contrast, post hoc methods entail the grouping of respondents according to their responses to particular variables, focusing on customer motivations (i.e. needs/behaviour) that are more likely to result in a service based on individual need (Durkin, 2005).In research, behavioural segmentation is increasingly found (Elliott and Glynn, 1998 Soper, 2002), although researchers continue to concentrate on the nancial behaviour of specic groups and selective variables (Warneryd, 2001). This study focuses on the general population, giving a more holistic view of personal nancial management activities and taking attitudes and behaviour into account. Individual investors The literature on individual economic behaviour oft focuses narrowly on specic areas such as risk attitudes (Warneryd, 1999 Wood and Zaichkowsky, 2004) or saving (Normann and Langer, 2002 Thaler and Benartzi, 2004). early(a) elds of research target investment in securities (Barber and Odean, 2001 Brennan, 1995 Keller and Siegrist, 2006) or focus on specic segments such as occupational groups (e.g., dentists and managers (Jorg, 2005)). Specic nancial issues or situations, however, are not indicative of an individuals behavioural and attitudinal disposition toward nance. kinda an interest in nances or having certain habits related to managing ones nancial means may indeed be a moderating factor to learn about behaviours and needs (Loix et al., 2005). The attitudes and behaviours toward nances regarded in this study focus on individual nancial management behaviour. It is a topic with important implications that has not been sufciently examined in nancial and economic behavioural studies (Loix et al., 2005).The subject is not cove red by the abundant research on individuals attitudes and habits towards specie, as such studies focus on the meaning of money (Lim and Teo, 1997) or basic values concerning money in general as an abstract concept (Raich, 2008), and not on an individuals ways of dealing with his or her personal nance. Previous studies of private investors have used mainly behaviour-based criteria or attitudes and do not combine both aspects (Keller and Siegrist, 2006) that are the focus of this study. This study is not product-linked but wider ranging in that it examines the self-stated nancial attitudes and behaviour of individual investors. Attitudes and behaviours A frequently discussed question in research is to what extent attitudes predict behaviour. A direct relationship between attitudes and behaviour has often been found to be weak, but difculties in nding a strong relationship might derive from differences in denition and measurement (Warneryd, 1999).The more specic the attitude is the better are the chances of nding a substantial correlation with behaviour if behaviour is also dened as a specic act (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980). Therefore, dened questions or attitudes can have predictive power and a higher correlation of attitude to-wards behaviour has been conrmed in studies (in a comprehensive meta-analysis Glasman and Albarracn, 2006 Tesser and Shaffer, 1990). A further question is the benet of knowledge concerning behaviour. Whilst behaviour changes over time, there is a popular assertion that past behaviour is the best predictor of coming(prenominal) behaviour (Ajzen, 1991, p. 202). It is a reection of these ideas that leads to attitudes and behaviour being explored in this paper. Financial needs segmentation Several typologies concerning the nancial affairs of private investors can be found in the previous literature, but with more specic approaches segmentations are based on nancial maturity and knowledge (Harrison, 1994), provision for retirement (Gough an d Sozou, 2005) or savings strategies (Gunnarsson and Wahlund, 1997).Loix et al. (2005) come closest to the focus of this study with the question of orientation towards nances but their goal is to develop a measurement scale for individuals nancial management. In this study, we examine the self-stated nancial attitudes and behaviour through a broader terms and do not restrict ourselves only to questions concerning risk or saving. We apply the methodology of cluster analysis to identify groups of private investors in order to obtain insight into the enforcing or modifying of specic behaviour. Cluster analysis has flummox a common tool in marketing and is a well-adopted method for market segmentation as well as the applied factor analysis apparent in this paper (Punj and Stewart, 1983).The aim of the present study is to obtain a better understanding of massess needs in nancial matters to provide adequate services and products. This study, based on nancial service consumers, identies distinct motivational clusters that were independent of the more established socio-demographic segmentation variables used in targeting and communicating by nancial institutions. This study demonstrates that, by segmenting respondents on the basis of a broader range of nancial attitudes and behaviour, a yield of clearly explicable proles can be realised and is helpful to identify those people in most need of professional nancial advice. This research suggests that customers nancial proles may be useful in predicting their response to parvenue products as well as persuading them to use existing services for the specic benets they value. Participants and questionnaire The data come from a questionnaire that was completed by 1,282 respondents from various regions of the German-speaking part of Switzerland.The respondents were recruited from two sources 53 per cent of the participants (n 680) were clients seeking consulting advice from a Swiss nancial planning company, together with participants in courses in nancial training within the same rm (convenient sample). The second source was employed to avoid a client bias in the study. A total of 602 study subjects (47 per cent of the total study) were identied through a combination of quota1 and snowball2 sampling procedures (Vogt, 2005) so that its composition in terms of sex, age, and other demographic characteristics came close to reecting the respective proportions in Switzerland. Although not every member of the population is equally likely to be selected, the sample is composed of a wide variety of backgrounds.The diversity came from such groups as participants in a study relating to nancial literacy, and from different sources such as a nursing home, a group of university students, a group of teachers, company employees from four Swiss companies unrelated to the nancial services sector, a group of free-lance(a) people, participants in a course for the unemployed, and a group made up of parents. The quest ionnaire was designed in German. Participants were rst asked to give their self-assessment by answering 17 questions on their nancial behavioural practice or attitude towards nancial affairs.The response format is a ve-point-Likert-type scale with absolutely and not at all at the two ends of the question spectrum. Subsequently, the questionnaire contains questions concerning socio-demographic variables such as age, gender, career stage, and education3. The age of participants ranges from 18 to 84 years elder, with 58.9 per cent between 36 and 65 years old (n 755). The natural demographic balance of men and women is reected in the sample with 49.3 per cent men (n 632) and 50.7 per cent women (n 650).The proportion of people with a university dot or equivalent is 46.6 per cent (n 598), whereas 33.8 per cent participants (n 433) obtained an apprenticeship (up to ve years). There are 14.5 per cent participants (n 186) who have a high school diploma as the highest educational lev el, whereas 5.1 per cent participants (n 65) have only attended secondary school. There are 10.5 per cent (n 135) participants who were studying at a university or at another institute of higher education at the time of our survey. Methodology and results Factor analysis As the rst step we conducted an exploratory factor analysis, a top dog component analysis, in order to determine the underlying dimensions of the nancial attitudes and behavioural tendencies. The chosen solution with ve principal components was constructed using the varimax rotation technique and can relieve 53.3 per cent of the total variance. Different opinions concerning what constitutes a high loading are found in the literature, e.g. 0.3 (Gardner, 2001). Here, the rotated factor loading of 0.5 was chosen as a threshold.

Majority Rule In The Bahamas

59 Novembers ago three men came together and form the imperfect tense Liberal Party (PLP). They were total heat Milton Taylor, William. W. Cartwright, Cyril St. John Stevenson. They began meeting regularly discussing the pros and cons. They invited 7 men to join them but only 6 accepted the invitation. Henry Taylor was the Chairman, William was the treasurer and Cyril became the secretary. The troupe progressed in Nassau and decided to include the let on islands. When sir. Lynden Piddling came home from law school he joined the PLP party and that was the beginning of the road to absolute majority rule.Sir Lynden Pindling, Randol Fawkes, Auther Hanna, Sir. milo maize Butler Sr, Clarence Bain, Samuel Isaacs, and many early(a) women and men planned and strategized to free in that location community from colonize. At that magazine racial segregation was a way of life in The Bahamas. The abusives were referred to as coloured slew. They were schools were coloured children were non allowed to enter. They were places like hotels, shops, and restaurants were colour people were not allowed to dine. There were also churches where coloured people were not allowed to sit in the same pews as the whites.In January 1954 the PLP held its commencement exercise public meeting. In 1956 there was the archetypal election. The m turn uph Street Boys started to get scared that they were going to lose so they called the U. S. A policemen saying a Negro colonist party was difficult to take over The Bahamas. A group of woman led by Jorgina Symonette and others fundraised to raise funds for the PLP. The PLP did not bewilder enough funds to have fish fries, grocery baskets, free liquor and parties to fork up and bribe the people like the Bay Street Boys did. The PLP would pass around hats at meetings to try to raise funds but it was not enough.The Bay Street Boys gave out free money to the people for their votes. They would tear the money in one-half and give half befo re the election and the other after if they voted freely. On election eve the white candidate for Grand Bahama from the UBP paid the black candidate 1000 pounds to drop out. In the 1965 election 6 PLP candidates were elected. They were Sir. Lynden Pindling, Randol Fawkes, Samuel Isaacs, Sir. Milo Butler, Cyril Stevenson and Clarence Bain they were called the magnificent six. In 1958 a dispute broke out over the carrying of visitors from the new Nassau airport at Windsor field.Tour companies had been formed by the Bay Street Boys edging out the Taxi drivers. On January 12 1958 there was a strike that broke that was very dramatic and successful. On November maiden 1957 the taxi cab union under the leadership of Sir, Clifford Darling and others bar all traffic to and from Nassaus international airport for hours tour the commissioner officers looked on helplessly. Struggle To achieve mass Rule On January 13 1958, every hotel and business was closed down completely. The PLP led a os tracise along Bay Street. The workers went on strike and cried out Not a sweat until our demands are met.On January 19, 1959 Doris Johnson had asked to address the House of Assembly and lead a group of woman to declare to vote. They were denied sir Stafford Sands by him saying over his dead body. On July 31 1961 the grant of the Womans Suffrage Movement was passed and women were able to vote. The PLP politics began the dynamic thrust for educational change in The Bahamas by making secondary education purchasable to all Bahamians in 1967. This was key to removing the scales of ignorance from eyes of a people by dint of a massive commitment to educate.The late Sir Cecil Wallace Whitfield, one of the members of the first majority rule Cabinet, was given the task to improve and Bahamianize the educational system. Huge smashing expenditures were made to multiply and upgrade primary and secondary schools, to institute expert education and train new Bahamian teachers. The governments clean-living Paper on Education provided for the implementation of broad parameter involving teachers, parents and students, and was verificatory of the high ideals with the government advocated self-help, equality, the dignity of labour and service responsibility and co-operation.The foundation of the PLP government also brought about a new outlook on sparing development. The quarry was directed towards opening up greater economic and tender opportunities for the citizens of The Bahamas and for greater flexibility of the economy. One of the major battles to achieve this objective was making Freeport Grand Bahama, safe and desirable for all Bahamians. During the 1970s, the PLP government launched the accessible Revolution, which included the introduction of the National Insurance Scheme, a system of social security, which is continuing with a massive low cost housing programme.The PLP government also moved to improve the delivery of health care by adding an extension to the Princess Margaret Hospital, upgrading and building new polyclinics throughout New Providence and the Family Islands. On April 27th 1965 was Black Tuesday. A crowd of PLP supporters lead by the PLP prexy marched from Windsor Park to Bay Street and assembled in the front of the House of Assembly. inside(a) the House the PLP members lead by Pindling strongly opposed the revision of the bounties draftsmanship order. He advocated a national registration of voters.Outside the House of Assembly the PLP supporters cried out Amend, Amend , Shame and Scandal in The House. Sir Lynden, then attracter of the Opposition, during the heated debate over the issue of boundaries but in a carefully orchestrated move got up and threw the Mace, the Speakers type of authority, out of the window of the House of Assembly. He declared The authority of this Island belongs to the people and threw the mace out of the window. Yes, people outside and mace belongs outside to. He shouted. After that Sir Milo Butler got up and threw the two hour sparkler that were used to time to speakers out of the window.The UPB watched surprisingly. Sir Lynden Pindling then led the crowd recounting the song We Shall Overcome. ACHIEVEING Majority Rule An election was then called on January 10th, 1967. This was because in the Bible in the book of Exodus the Lord verbalize he will free the children of Egypt on the tenth day of the first month. January 10th, 1967 was neither an end nor even a beginning. Instead, it was an important milestone in a journey that was begun centuries ago when some anonymous slave touch a blow for license for the first time. We pause to pay court to the personalities and players in this epic struggle.In a hard fought and competitive election in 1967, the PLP delivered the following 18 members to a 38-member House of Assembly. They were Lynden Pindling, Preston Albury, Clarence Bain, Milo Butler, Clifford Darling, Elwood Donaldson, Arthur Foulkes, Carlton Francis, Arthur H anna, rabbit warren Levarity, Curtis MacMillan, Uriah McPhee, Maurice Moore, Edmund Moxey, pry Shepherd, George Thompson, Jeffrey Thompson and Cecil Wallace Whitfield. Randol Fawkes who successfully ran as Labour in 1962 and 1967 with the support of the PLP threw his support piece of tail the PLP and became a member of the first Majority Rule cabinet.He figured prominently in the movement toward Majority Rule. Successful Independent candidate Sir Alvin Braynen threw in his lot with the PLP and accepted the post of Speaker of the House. These two warriors for justice and freedom tipped the proverbial scale in favour of the PLP and the first Majority Rule cabinet was formed This distinguished group consisted of Cecil Wallace-Whitfield, Milo Butler, Arthur Hanna, Clarence Bain, Jeffrey Thompson, Carlton Francis, Randol Fawkes, Warren Levarity, Curtis McMillan, Clement T. Maynard and Lynden Pindling.

Mats Ek Carmen

This essay will analyze and discuss one of Europes intimately creative and influential leap-makers, the Swedish dancer and choreographer Mats Ek acclaimed for the theatricality and immediacy of his oeuvre charm his contribution and development through the dance field with the primary(prenominal) focus on his revision of the authoritativeal concert dance stories. It will withal discuss one of his major make waters Carmen and relate it with the airplane pilot one. Mats Ek is a prominent and controversial figure of the contemporary dance.He has his own choreographic drift and his work in contemporary dance choreography is contested. He was born(p) in 1945. Eks aim, and his big crop, was the famous dancer and choreographer Birgit Cullberg, the founder of the gentleman total recognized, Cullberg B all in allet Comp either. As said before, his mother was a huge influence for Ek. Therefore one privy see that both, Mats Ek and Birgit Cullberg, choreographic style has a lot of same characteristics such(prenominal) as the attention of psychological characterization, the in the raw portrayal of hu small-arm beingss feelings and the humorous episodes. In performance we see a fantasy world so unwaveringly strange and characters so imperiously dysfunctional were goodly compelled Ek may ask his dancers to go to some real odd places but the Cullberg Ballet follows him with ardent alacrity (Judith Mackrell, the Guardian. ) In 19745, Ek was a section of the Deutsche Oper am Rhein, Dusseldorf, and then made his choreographic debut in 1976 with The Officers Servant, for the Cullberg Ballet, the first of many of his works formed on them. In 1980 he became the artistic director of the Ballet Cullberg and a member of the Nederlands terpsichore Theatre.He in any case worked and created sections with many great dance companies. Mats Ek in well known for his revisionist readings of the classic ballets. He has also created his own work and most of the time his r eadys commit to do a lot with humor. that in reworking ballet classics, Ek likes to keep the characters alert so as to everlastingly provide an inner emotion to the characters emotions and line of productss. The characters in his pieces,in contrast to the classic ones, have an emotional world of much to a greater extent than intense than ordinarily and the alliance among them has a greater depth.Although he is revising the pilot pieces, he never forgets to stay true to the original context of the work and as far as the music is concerned he al routes uses the original one with very slight changes yet to suit the in the buff hammy structure. Mats Eks key word, is clarity, despite the fact that he aims for clarity, this does not imply that he also uses simplicity in his pieces. I was never interested in keeping to the classical traditions as such, What I want to explore are the underlying fairy tales that convey fundamental human issues revel, deceit, pain, goodness.Th e classics have sprain cliches, and we have forgotten how they came to be and what they imply. We know them so well they block off to have meaning for our time. (Mats Ek) Mats Ek is very often labeled that he relates his choreographies with the governance of the time that the choreographies are being made. This is not however right because no(prenominal) of Mr. Eks choreographies can be regarded as a political manifesto. In his pieces, the fuddled images and the dramatic situations will occasionally select into humorous episodes. Humor, is one of Eks master(prenominal) characteristics end-to-end his pieces and as mentioned previously in the report so is his mothers.By using humor in his dances, this does not mean that the pieces lose their tension. Since Mats Ek also studied theatre, most of the time his creations are a lot more dramatic than usual and this can be detected in every one of his pieces (Fifty coeval Choreographers, Pages 144-146). Ek has a vivid theatricality and gift for genuine surprises his theatricality is matched by a full-out dance language that merges the sophisticated with the primitive. I became aware of on the button how much meaning Ek can compress into his pieces (Nadine Meisner, the Indep exterminateent).Eks style has become distinctive for its imaginative interpretations of stagelines, in combination with a lyrical approach which transfers through suit the underlying emotions and feelings rather than just the narrative detail. His choreographic style and vocabulary is mainly from his ballet training, his descent and dance experience with his mother and his collaboration with the Nederland Dance Theatre. Although Ek has rejected the stately codes of classic ballet, it is collect in his pieces the he uses a lot of ballet technique.This can be found within the jumps, turns and footwork that he uses within his black marketment vocabulary. At the same time though, Ek uses a lot of contemporary endeavours such as drop of the pelvis, a lot of floor work and ashes weight. He manages to relate both styles with a unique and approveful federal agency in order for everything to look good and lovely. (Fifty Contemporary Choreographers, Pages 147-148) Ek has done a great deal to enlarge how women are portrayed on stage, particularly in the ballet classics. His Giselle and Carmen offer intense reimaginings oftheir heroines. (Keeping dance alive a Mats Eks portrait.Claudia La Rocco, TV classics) Lets now move on to one of his most famous and great works, Carmen. Originally, Carmen was first performed in Paris on 3 March, 1875. Written by Georges Bizet. The story is well-nigh a temptress, Carmen, and her lover Don Jose who sacrifices his devoted lady, Micaela, to pursue his manly dears for Carmen. Jose, idle by her familiar behavior and blinded by his own rage, kills Carmen, hence bringing upon himself his own devastation resulting in finis. The opera is set in Spain and the story line is more comp lex than the original novel by Prosper Merimee.The character of Carmen was too offensive for family theatre. Although Carmen collectings to popular culture, the opera even attracts academic discourse as the spirit of Spain is personified in the character of Carmen. It is trenchant that in order for Carmen to be represented as a whore, she had to be black. That suited the beliefs of that time being, that the color of her skin will make her good-for-nothing and evil. to a greater extentover the color of her skin makes her also more exotic than any European and this will make her more desirable to the male auditory sense and maybe more hated by women.In 1999 Mats Ek revised the Spanish classic Carmen to consultations all over the world. This version of Carmen is currently in the repertoire of the olympian Ballet, Cullberg Ballet, Lyon Opera Ballet, National Theatre, Ballet of Prague and the Polish National Opera Ballet. Ek in his pieces in general manages to base each character s psychological aspect in depth. In Carmen, one can see that he presents Carmen as this woman who is complicated and has a complex behavior. That is what he usually does in his pieces, he presents all the women as very complicated and sexual creatures.In his choreography Ek is trying to keep the original features of the opera but in order to attract more modern audiences he makes some changes so that the audience, in that time being, will be able to relate with the characters (Fifty Contemporary Choreographers, Pages 144-145). For example, the sexual behavior of Carmen in the piece is very important for the story line. However in the original piece it was not that clear. In Mats Ek version though, the sexuality is clearer and more understanding for the audience. Generally Eks version explores the actual human behavior as it is in real life.He pushes the male-female role reversal between the sexually free gypsy girl and the soldier Don Jose beyond safe boundaries, substituting a ci gar for the familiar bloom between Carmens teeth, spell her into one of the boys( Cigar Crossed Lovers, David Bogoslaw, 1999). That cigar takes that she has a masculine soul in a womans body. (Carmen, 2010) Carmen is a symbol of freedom and sedition and can have as much freedom as she wants. In contrast, Jose is a traditional feminine role, a weak character that wants peace and a marriage, but cannot control his passions for Carmen in spite that he is going to connect Micaela.Eks Carmen begins and ends with a scene of a man, Jose, facing a firing police squad and recalling in the last moments before death his tempestuous liaison with the gypsy girl who refused to be tamed. The dance then retells the story of the progressing love thing between Carmen and Jose. Eks choreographing style in this performance is a combination of both, ballet and modern dance. As they first dance together, Carmen and Jose, is like she is slowly explaining to him, throughout the dance, how she is and how she likes to live her life.He also tries to show her that he is a military man with a lot of discipline. At the beginning of the piece their movements are more aggressive, but as soon as they fell in love their movements become more soft and gentle. This change of the movement shows how they started to feel booming with each other as time passed (Janet Adshead, 1988, Dance Analysis possibleness and practice, Pages 72-75). Carmens movement style initially is aggressive and masculine while it is becoming more beautiful as the story evolves.However, the fact that Jose is carrying the rose and Carmen the cigar, this shows that she is still the man in their relationship (As Willful As constantly And Puffing On a Cigar Anna Kisselgoff, The New York Times. 1999). Another example of how the movement shows the emotional world and the relationship between the characters is when there is a three-base hit between Carmen, Jose and Escamillo, who is the reason why Carmen does not love Jo se anymore. He is the new love of her heart and that makes Jose angry. In the trio the two mens jealousy is passing obvious throughout the dancing movement.There is imitation and repeat between each ones movement and the fact that they keep a received distance between one another, shows the jealousy between them. At the end of the trio, when Carmen is going to strike Joses face, it becomes clear that she does not love him anymore. More over there is Michaelas character which is also made clear through her movements. At the beginning she is dancing in a fainthearted way but after she gets really angry with Jose and Carmen, thus her way of movement changes. She begins to be more aggressive and dynamic in price of movement vocabulary and that is a aspect of her emotional world.The music in Eks choreography, as mentioned above, is sheep pen to the original one by French composerGeorges Bizet. The altogether difference is that is being used for different purposes in the story. In the original opera the music is a guide for the progress of the plot. In Mats Ek piece however, the music is not really needed to explain the plot or the relationship between the characters. It is there to create a mood in the piece. One thing that is really different from the original opera, in damage of sounds, is that in Mats Ek piece the dancers are sometimes talking and shouting. This adds a dynamic touch to the whole piece.Shouting is also more realistic than just apprisal opera. Carmen is wearing the same color of costume in both versions and just about in every version that has been created in the world. Red is the color of passion and sexuality. Thus, when the audience first sees Carmen, immediately understands her character and that she is a temptress. Micaela, in contrast to Carmen, wears blue, a color that symbolizes her innocence and that she is fragile. The street ladies costumes in Eks piece show their character and their Spanish ethnicity in contradiction to the o riginal opera costumes that are showing the class and there social status.Ek uses very colorful, shiny and frilly dresses that are a throwback to the 80s, in order to show that all women have sexuality. The costumes of the men are very simple and dark, just to show their discipline, as they are military men. The designs and sets in Eks Carmen are cartoonish and with playful colors. In terms of light, he tries to keep it dark. There is a metallic setting and panels which are suggestive of Spanish fans, as well as a large exercise ball downstage.In Mats Ek version of Carmen, there is a deeper reflection of all the characters emotional world. Carmen is clearly a symbol of Freedom and anarchy with an even more complex nature than the one of the classic story. That is what Mats Ek does anyway. unless from changing the classics into more modern and humorous editions, the thing that makes him special is how he deals with the inner world of each character. He manages to present each chara cter, throughout the dance, in a very intense way so that the audience can understand for sure the characters personality.However he keeps the original story as it is, and he aims to show the same meaning as the original piece while at the same time he tries to explore a bit more the relationship between the characters. All of the above lead to Eks success when revising the classic stories. He remains faithful to the original story but however he does it not only with a more modern vocabulary but also with a more modern approach to suit the present. Much like Bizets opera of the same name, Mr. Eks version proves that a grim tale of love and death can be downright entertaining (As Willful As eer And Puffing On a Cigar Anna Kisselgoff, The New York Times. 999). It seems that Carmen will continue to appeal the audiences for years to come. Mats Ek Carmen will also continue to be popular to the audience because of the emotional and dramatic state of Mr. Eks pieces. He is a choreographer that distant himself from anybody else in the dance field. He is very original and successful with his choreographies and it is no wonder that he is so famous and he has achieved so much. He is an extremely talented choreographer with a lot of theatrical ideas and that is what makes him so special throughout all these years BibliographyAdshead, J. 1988. Dance analysis theory and practice. London Dance books Bremser M. and Sanders L. Fifty Contemporary Choreographers. Second Edition. 2011. Roudledge Au S. Ballet and Modern dance. 1998. Thames and Hudson world of Art. Articles As Willful As Ever And Puffing On a Cigar Anna Kisselgoff, The New York Times. 1999 Websites Linda. 2010. Carmen. http//www. theballetbag. com Peter Grahame Woolf. 1996. Mats Ek Carmen. http//www. musicweb-international. com Claudia La Rocco. Keeping dance alive A Mats Ek Portrait. http//www. classicaltv. com

How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor Essay

How deep Countries Got Rich andwhy sad Countries Stay PoorBy Erik S. ReinertThe keep back How Rich Countries Got Rich and wherefore Poor Countries Stay Poor is written by Erik S. Reinert and it is published in 2007. Reinert is a 62-year-old Norwegian stinting expert who specializes in exposement frugals and economic history (Wikipedia). Reinert attended the University of St. G all(a)(prenominal)en in Switzerland (where he studied economics), Harvard University for MBA, and Cornell University for Ph.D.(Wikipedia). In addition to How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor, Reinert has written six books which focus around the possible action of uneven development and the history of economic thought and policy (Wikipedia). Reinert is non wholly an eminent scholar in his compass, but also a distinguished entrepreneur. In 1972 he founded a small industrial planetary house that did color sampling to the paint and automotive industries. Later he demonstr subje ct the firm and added production plants in Norway and Finland, and by the time he exchange it in 1991, the comp each had become the largest of its kind in Europe (Wikipedia). Reinert is influenced by Fried well-off List and it shows in his piece.Reinert suggests that world-wideization would have been a positive-sum game for all countries if the world has taken Friedrich Lists line to economic consolidation (Reinert, 161.). Friedrich has developed his own theory about the quantify of tariffs and surplus trade, and the succession basically goes like this (1) a period of free trade for all nations (2) a period when small states protect and build their own industries (4) a period when all countries establish their own competitive industrial firmaments (Reinert, 161.).After expiration through all the above steps, its time to open for global free trade and globalization will benefit the miserable nations as well as the rich ones. Based on Reinerts program line level, the amount of research and publication he has done in the field of uneven development and his work experience, it can be concluded that Reinert is devil qualified educationally and by experience to write thisbook.How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor is Reinerts most young English-language book and his purpose of writing this book is to find out the causes of meagreness and to explain the mechanisms that produce the huge bedcover between the rich and the myopic. He looks through the economic history of the past 500 hundred historic period and concludes the economic structure that most rich countries follow faithfully and lastly start out them rich industrial enterprise policies first, free trade second. Once the rich countries become rich (e.g. the European countries), the type of economic lowstanding utilise by them during their transition from miserable to rich dies and they comes up with the completely divergent bill economics (abstract high theories) fo r export to poor countries. As a consequence, the standard economics, much(prenominal) as the Washington Consensus, proves to be damaging to poor countries and makes them even poorer.It can be observed that the rich countries were those who emulated the leading industrial nations, such as the United Kingdom, into the Age of Industry (Reinert, 123.) Industrialization is the very first step towards success. With the effect of increasing returns and specialization, the benefit of industrialization goes often further. Industrialized countries take all the jobs that require high skills and technology, while the jobs industrialized countries can no longer mechanize or innovate further, such as straightening of the wire, ar farmed out to the non-industrialized countries (Reinert, 39.) Rich countries produce mechanizable products while poor countries can only produce non-mechanizable ones and it explains why no country is able to get rich by only producing raw materials (Reinert, 134. ). An industrial sector is essential for a country to become rich. As time zips by, technology and increasing returns, which are main sources of economic power, create economic barriers to accounting entry and make it even more difficult for poor countries to catch up (Reinert, 40.). Rich countries specialize in the serious economic activities also develop economic scale and as a consequence, more labor is undeniable to perform the tasks and the cost of each unit of product falls (Reinert, 40.).Workers are paid more and the things they buy cost less. Both outcomes reflect the two ways to raise the standard ofliving to receive higher struggle or to lower the prices of goods (Reinert, 131.). On the other(a) side, rich countries force the conclusions of standard economic policies which they would not apply at home, upon the poor nations that are under their wings, such as keeping the colonies as pure suppliers of raw materials (Reinert, 39.). The rhetoric-reality gap plays an impo rtant role in keeping poor countries poor. Another gene that is crucial to the poor nations is the timing of opening up of an economy because free trade tends to destroy the most cost-effective industries in the least efficient countries (Reinert, 251.). Most rich countries are industrialized before the free trade, so that when they enter the market, they are capable to compete with other countries and get the upper limit benefits from globalization but for poor nations, the free trade is like adding cover to snow. In conclusion, Reinert sees the wealth as a result of industrialization, together with other factors such as increasing returns, synergies and he blames poverty for deindustrialization, and the wrong timing of free trade.In general, I agree with Reinerts opinion that industrialization and the timely free trade policy are the keys to wealth. The development path of chinaware can be a perfect example for this. China was very prosperous during the Tang dynasty, and many western countries sent scholars all the way to China to learn from its success. But during the Qing dynasty, the government chose the policy of closing off and it destroyed the economic development of China. The Qing government restricted the external fare and foreign trade. Imported goods were heavily taxed. The variety and quantity of exported goods were limited as well. China isolated itself from others while many western competitors were in the movement of industrialization. Many industrialized western nations were seeking new territories and the deindustrialized China without any advanced arms naturally became their target.Effortlessly, their machine guns bombed the locked country. After that, China versed lessons and started to choose economic structure carefully. Instead of following the immediate economic integration, China followed the Marshall Plan whose goal is to reindustrialize. Fortunately, China chose the right economic structure this time and it was used as proof of the excellence of globalization while Russia, a country faithfully followed the advice given by the founding Bank and IMF, experienced disastrousconsequences (Reinert, 118.). Although China has gone back to the right track, but the fact that China is a developing country preferably of a developed country demonstrates that the scar caused by the mistaken prime(prenominal) of economic policy and deindustrialization hasnt healed. The story of China shows the consequences of failing to complete the importance of industrialization and timely free trade. The failure explains why poor countries are poor and the presently wealthy countries are those who embrace the industrialization and capitalism.Generally speaking, the book is well written. Reinert organizes the book by using sub headings to separate the content and drawing examples from the economic history to support his theories, which make the book more understandable and reliable. There are only a few graphics, a bibliography and a very long appendix at the end, suggesting there are a lot of facts and in-depth research behind the book. The only problem that I have with this book is the repetitiveness of theories. Reinert is very cerebrate on his theme but sometimes he tends to overemphasize it by repeating the similar theories in different chapters. I would recommend the book to readers who have a particular interest in the topic of equalization, or the gap between the rich and the poor. Reinert discusses a lot of highly disputable subjects and people would want to find out the answers.BibliographyS. Reinert, Erik, How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor, London Constable & Robinson Ltd, 2007 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_S._Reinert

Efe Matrix

External Audit The external analyze is an effective way for crossover to locate argonas that their company lot amend. These argonas ar called opportunities and threats. In order to develop an external audit, cover go forth lead to look at several key external forces that play an key role in the companys future. interbreeding depart rent to look for forces that implicate Economic Forces, Social, Cultural, and Demographic Forces, Political, Governmental, and Legal Forces, Technological Forces, and war like Forces.Once these forces cave in been located, they exit be placed into a category of opportunity, which will alleviate the hybridizing, or it will be placed in the Threats category, which can hurt traverse. Opportunities Companies should al shipway capitalize on opportunities because they are the forces that will help the company obtain more revenue, or increase their fabrication securities industry portion. Opportunities are the positive external forces that Ford will need to make grow strategies in order to continue the companys success. Below are the opportunities Ford demand to capitalize. Refusing Bail come out of the closet M angiotensin converting enzymeyWhen the economy took a down turn legion(predicate) companies started having hard cash flow problems. Several railroad car makers like General Motors and Chrystal, took bailout bills in 2008 from the United States government in order to keep their company from monetary ruin. These companies took 24. 9 billion dollars in bailout money. Ford was the only American political machinemaker that did not sequestrate money from the government in order to storm the worst gross sales downturn in recent years. Industry Shifts towards Hybrids and piddling Vehicles With gasconade prices sky rocketing, consumers are looking for more can effective vehicles and cars the run on electric instead of fuel.Ford has heard consumer concerns and has been improving their cars fuel efficiency . Ford now has several hybrid cars, like the compact, and SUVs. Along with small more fuel efficient cars like the Focus with 28 MPG in the city and 20 MPG on the heightsway. Toyotas 4. 4 Billion one dollar bill Loss iodine of Ford biggest competitors Toyota seemed unstoppable until the company began having major issues with one of their most prevalent cars the Prius. The problems with the Prius and the economic downturn caused Toyota to reported their low gear all net loss of 4. 4 billion dollars in 2009.Toyota also warned that power fall deeper into debt in 2010. Ford and BP Join Forces to Produce Hydrogen In 2004, BP and Ford joined forces to try and bring the United States closer to having a henry economy. In order to accomplish this task Ford will be building 30 hydrogen-powered Focus Fuel-Cell Vehicles. The vehicles will be distinguish between cardinal cities, and BP will be building hydrogen fuel centers to help evaluate the cars distri exclusivelyively time they refuel. Ford and BP continue running(a) to mend this engine room. There is talk of having hydrogen cars available to consumers in three years. 010 Fusion Sets Records for the 5th Month Fords Fusion car has been their top selling vehicle since its introduction in 2006. The Fusion continues to improve with options of the hybrid model. The vehicle has received awards like the closely Reliable Family auto from independent reliability and owner satisfaction survey data, Most estimable Midsize machine J. D. Power and Associates, Motor Trends 2010 Car of the grade a highly coveted industry accolade, and the 2010 North American Car of the Year awarded by a jury of top automotive journalists.Sales of the Fusion continue to be on the rise. Sales have risen to 219,219 for an 11. 9 share share of the industry, giving Ford an increase in sales of 54 percent in 2010, while Toyota Camry has a 27 percent decline in sales and Honda Accord sales dropped 20 percent. Threats Threats are t he negative external forces which could hurt the company. Companies will always need to defame threats as they are the forces that will hinder a companys goals and could hurt the companys bottom line. Below are the threats that Ford will need to minimize. Economic CrisisIn 2008 the economy starting having issues because of rising fossil oil prices and unemployment, increased unemployment, a decline in dollar value, global inflation, a horrible housing market, and terrible mortgage crisis. Many companies started to have cash flow problem. Many companies like Ford had to close several manufacturing plants, move off thousands of individuals, which hinders the improvement of the economy. Consumer Confidence is Low Recent car accidents have led to low consumer confidence in the auto industry. These accidents have caused the lowest consumer confidence in 40 years.The entire auto industry needs to be concerned with consumer confidence since this will hurt their profits. Rising spatter Prices With gas prices are on the rise, people are looking for ways to save their money. Since 2000 gas prices have gone from 1. 51 to 3. 85 with no end in sight. Consumers are every concerned that all their money is going to fuel up their vehicles. The United States government has abuseped in to learn the auto industry to improve their vehicles miles per gallon. Foreign Automakers Market Shares are high In the past most foreign cars have my luxury vehicles created by Mercedes, BMW, and Lexus.Recently Toyota, Nissan, and Honda have been able to take a larger share of the industry by creating practical and affordable vehicles. Toyota has the held the second spot in the auto industry for 2008 and 2009. Honda held the fourth spot from 2008 through 2010. Both companies are concentrated competition for U. S. automakers. Ford has been in tough competition with Toyota for the second share of the industry. Competitor with Luxury Hybrid Hybrids have become very popular in the last couple of years since the price of oil has skyrocketed.Recently companies that specialise in more luxurious car models have been coming out with a luxury hybrid. U. S. News has ranked the best luxury hybrids with Mercedes, BMW, and Porsche pickings all the top spots. EFE Matrix The external factor evaluation ground substance helps companies, like Ford, to understand and evaluate their external opportunities and threats from nine different categories. The categories include economic, social, cultural, demographic, environmental, political, governmental, legal, technological, and competitive information.If a firm has taken advantage of all opportunities and minify all threats, then the company current strategy would be working as they had hoped. However this is not always the case. The EFE Matrix is a not bad(p) way for companies to evaluate how their strategy is working for external opportunities and threats and to make improvements when necessary. To create an EFE Matrix a company mus t uncovering the key factors, opportunities and threats, that will show what the company has encountered. First the company will need to find the key opportunities and then the threats.Next, companies will need to decide how to weigh each of the key factors. All of the key factor weights must add up to 1. Then the key factors will need to have a judge of 1 to 4. Rating indicates how well strategies are working. A rating of 1 indicates a poor performance, while a rating of 4 indicates a superior performance. After figuring out the weight and rating, companies need to engender the weight by the rating to find the weighted commemorate. Once that step is complete, add all the weighted scores together and find the union weighted score also known as the magic subjugate.The highest magic number possible is 4 with the lowest being a 1. Ford Motor Companys EFE Matrix is shown below. EFE Matrix for Ford Motor Company OpportunitiesWeightRating dull Score Refusing bailout money5%30. 15 Ind ustry shifts toward hybrids and small vehicles2%10. 02 Toyota 4. 4 billion dollar loss20%40. 8 Ford and BP joint forces to produce hydrogen power4%20. 08 2010 Fusion set records for 5th Month1%10. 01 Threats Economic Crisis30%41. 2 Consumer confidence is low5%30. 15 Rising Gas Prices30%41. 2 Foreign automakers market shares are high2%10. 02Competitor with first luxury hybrid 1%10. 01 (1) Poor, (2) Average, (3) Above Average, (4) Superior Total Weighted Score100%3. 64 Fords EFE Matrix total weighted score is a 3. 64. Meaning the Fords strategy is helping them take the majority of opportunities presented to them, while doing a great job of dealing with threats. cardinal of the opportunities taken by Ford was Toyota losing billions of dollars during their Prius difficulty. Ford also did a languish thing by not fetching any bailout money from the government. Most customers appreciated this move, meaning Ford was able to capitalize on this opportunity.However to improve their magic nu mber Ford will need to readdress their strategy cerebrate to industry shifts and continue to have their vehicles set records. When looking at Fords threats, Ford has had a good strategy for dealing with the economic crisis by incisive costs, which meant closing several manufacturing plants. This was not a popular decision but it needed to be done for Ford to survive the economic downturn. One of the ways to show that Ford dealt with the economic crisis well is their refusal to take bailout money. Ford faced another challenge head on with rising gas prices.When gas prices started to rise Ford started creating more fuel efficient cars like the Ford Focus and Fiesta, and began working on improving the gas milage in their truck line. Ford also began putting smart technology in their vehicles. However, several threats still need to be addressed by Ford. Ford needs to be concerned with foreign automakers like Kia and Hyundai taking more and more of the market shares. Ford also needs to liquefy fuel efficiency with luxury to compete with their competition. Overall EFE Matrix shows Fords Strategy is working and only needs to consider a few changes.

5 Points of Oedipus Rex Essay

Five valuable Points of On Misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex Oedipus Rex attempt to justify the ways of God to piece of music by 1. Proving that we get what we deserve. An example is how Oedipus treated Creon badly, so the gods punished him. 2. Oedipus Rex is a tragedy of destiny, the play proves that man has no free go forth and is controlled by gods. 3. Sophocles was a pure artist, so he is not implicated in justifying the gods, and Oedipus Rex was merely an exciting play. Oedipus did horrible things unknowingly, if they did it knowingly, readers wont olfactory property pity. The tragic hero must have a big good flaw. A significant difference between Sophocles and Aeschylus is that Sophocles thinks that fate is unconditional, and can not be avoided. Oedipus tries to avoid the oracle given about him that he will sleep with his mother and assassinate his father, but in the end, it still happens. Aeschylus thinking is that fate could be avoided. According to him, the oracle giv en to Laius was avoidable Do not beget a child for if you do, that child will kill you. Oedipus blinded himself to cut himself off from contact with humanity. If he suicides, he would regard his parents in the next world. He blinded himself because he could not boldness the living or the dead. Oedipus Rex is a play about human greatness. Oedipus expend from his high position to the lowest of the low, and he still has the strength to don and endure it. His inner strength is virtuous, because he pursues truth at whatever personal cost.

Google Books Essay

The Google countersigns project has been a on the job(p) progress always so since Google was created. The co-founders of Google, Sergey Brin and Larry Page had been working on a research project that was supported by the Stanford digital Library Technologies Project in 1996. Google in ten-spotds to s screwing every appropriate ever published and commit all of the text searchable so that people can find the relevant training they need about harbor. They want to make books much accessible to the public and create an easy mechanism of sort a books content and relevance to a subject.In 2002 a secret books project was launched and research was underway to identify the challenges that frame ahead of them. Over this period, Googlers discovered a quick and harm barren way to scan books and began to meet with Libraries to begin the digitalization of books. In celestial latitude 2004 Google announces the launch of the Google Print Library Project thanks to partnerships from Harvard, The University of Michigan, The New York customary Library, Oxford and Stanford. Together it is said that these libraries exceed 15million volumes. In 2005 Google Print is renamed Google Books which is a more fitting title as it better explains its use.With the launch of Google Books and its riotous development numerous will consider of the advantages and disadvantages of the site. The whole project seems a little bit overly ambitious and it obviously has many faults in its system. It is a timely work on to scan hundreds of millions of books and the pivotal question present is Are Google books doing it conceptive? Scanning books is an extremely time consuming process so erstwhile Google books fall in d one it, it seems unlikely that the books will be rescanned. If some of the books argon non scanned properly, important literary works and information could begin obscured or lost through the process of digitalization.Geoff Nunberg (2009) published an article Google b ooks A Metadata Train Wreck and pointed out many errors in the system. One practice session being that he googled the name of an author and restricted the search to the works published before their year of birth. It was found that 182 hits came up for Charles Dickens alone. The honcho Engineer for Google Books, Dan Clancy claimed that the incorrect dates where the fault of the libraries. However, when the matter was investigated further it shows that the setoff ten full read books published before 1812 and that mention CharlesDickens ar correctly dated in the catalogues that they had come from. Although one can argue that the correct information is given on the title summon, there have been some other inexcusable errors too. Google Books has classified many of its books incorrectly and once again Dan Clancy has claimed that both the libraries and publishers where to blame because the classifications were drawn from the BISAC codes that is given to booksellers. BISAC codes have altogether been around for about 20 years meaning that any book that was put in the wrong category before this time is a mistake of Google themselves.Google have decided to take on an extremely gigantic project hardly it seems app atomic fall 18nt that they are not doing it very well. They are quick to push the blame on others and the whole project is base more towards commercialism rather than to help make cognition useable to the world. Project Gutenberg was one of the first digital libraries and was created by volunteers. This project seems to concentrate on more on the importance of literature and the quality of the books available are much greater than those on Google Books.The books are proof read by human beings and their workers are not paid which is a clear family that they actually care about making books more available to people. Google Books produces books in a much larger mass but they should be certified that people will value quality over quantity most. Goog le readily scan these books and its obvious that they rarely check them for errors. In capital of Minnesota Duguids (2007) essay Inheritance and Loss? A Brief scan of Google Books, He addresses the Google books system pecks on by using Laurence Sternes The Life and Opinion of Tristram Shandy as an example.He choose the first fall in that appeared in the search railway locomotive and claims his results were as follows The book he was examining did not start with the word wish meaning that the left hand side of the paginate that had the word I was missing. On rapscallion cardinal the left hand side of the page is not legible because the commode of the book is blocking the first few letters and by page twenty-seven, Sterne quoted Hamlets phrase alas, poor Yorick and inserted a black page of mourning. However the version that is on Google books has left out this page and is evenhandedly ignorant to the position of how iconic it is to the astute reader.On further investigatin g of Duguids essay I clicked on the links that were given to the book and realised that it was no longer a link to the book. I consequently searched Tristram Shandy just had Duguid had done into Google Books. I clicked on the first link which is the same Harvard edition that Duguid was referencing and discovered that the first page had the word I before wish and page seventeen was now fully legible. Although some corrections had been made the black page that was to follow on from page twenty seven has still not been inserted.This is perhaps due to the fact that the people scan these books are not scholars themselves. It is very easy to key out a page with a missing word or one that is not fully legible but many would mistake a black page as an error in printing. Another flaw in the digitalization in books is the actual book itself. on that point is something so pleasant about flicking through a book and holding it in your hand while you read. The book in its hold physically is m agnificent, depending on how old it is it could have been passed on from generation to generation.The book itself is a paper in its own right. Throughout its lifespan the book can assume various annotations, signatures and other interesting characteristics. There has also been a muss of conflict with regard to the publishing industry and the digitalization of books. Google has offered to provide a search engine what they aspire to be every book ever published but for those which are copyrighted and cannot be viewed online, Google provides the option to grease ones palms them online through sites such(prenominal) as Amazon or Barnes.In January 2007, Google held a conference on the future day of the publishing industry. The conference quoted Charles Darwin and projected it on a screen It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor is it the most intelligent, but the ones most antiphonary to change. Toobin (2007) states in an article Googles Moon Shot As Laurence Kirsch baum, a long time publishing executive who recently became a literary agent, told me at the conference, Google is now the gatekeeper. They are reaching an audience that we as publishers and authors are not reaching.It makes perfect sense to use the specificity of a search engine as a tool for selling books. This statement has a isthmus of truth because since the growth of technology, the popularity of books has fallen drastically. community in the 21st blow care more for mindless television shows and tacky magazines than a unafraid well written piece. Reading books challenges the mind and fuels the imagination and by incorporating literature with technology it is a great attempt to try and revive such an excellent thing. Despite Googles attempts, it looks as if they are not doing a good job.Many authors and publishers filed a lawsuit against Google Books claiming that Google has violated their copyrights by examine the books, creating an electronic database and displaying shor t excerpts without their permission. The Authors Guild filed a lawsuit against Google Books alleging copyright aggression and after four years of discussion a dependency was eventually reached in 2009. It was decided that Google was allowed to copy, display and sell millions of books that were out of print but still in copyright. However the agreement was reviewed several times and was summarily rejected in March 2011.This gave organizations a chance to voice their aid about the privacy indemnity for users of the system. Google claims that it has reviewed its privacy policy and that an advance policy has been created for Google Books but it seemed that the policy still left a large number of gaps and something appeared to be quite vague. On September 4th 2009 the Electronic secretiveness Information Centre (EPIC) entered a motion to intervene in the Google settlement case to help the readers of Google Books regarding their privacy online.EPIC states that readers will be call for to part with particular information that will be stored in a database to create detailed profiles of preferences of the reading with regard to their purchases and browsing. Marc Rotenberg appeared in woo on February 18th 2010 and stated that A person at any subroutine library or any university in the United States that attempted to retrieve information from Googles digital library would be uniquely tagged and tracked. There is simply no precedent for the creation of such power.The court rejected the settlement but it did however state that Google should review its privacy policy to better protect its users. Google should not have the right to disclose any information to government or third parties and secure browsing should be a priority. Many people do not realise that these profiles are being created or that their privacy is being invaded. If this is vatical to be the library of the future, then it should be dealt with in the correct manner. People should be able to browse through books anonymously and have their own thoughts kept private.Google Books seem to have rushed the whole process of scanning such a vast amount of literature and by doing so they seemed to have forgotten about quality over quantity. It seems that the dream of creating a digital library will remain one for the foreseeable future due to the numerous flaws that the system has. Whilst Google Books are trying to correct their many errors it is apparent that the whole project was done quite carelessly and insufficiently. It is patent that Google Books motive leans more to the commercial side of things rather than making knowledge available to a wider audience.This is particularly clear with regards to their privacy policy. Google will apprize recommended pages and sites by analysing all of your browsing. The option to purchase a book that is not available online makes Google Books more of a digital bookstore rather than a digital library. The concept of Google Books is a great one and though it has some advantages, the disadvantages outweigh the good. Bibliography Duguid, Paul. Inheritance and Loss? A Brief Survey on Google Books. N. p. , Aug. 2007. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Nunberg, Geoff. Language Log. A Google Books A Metadata Train Wreck. N. p. , 29 Aug.2009. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http//languagelog. ldc. upenn. edu/nll/? p=1701 McSherry, Corynne. Good and Bad in Google Book Search elimination Decision Electronic Frontier Foundation. Good and Bad in Google Book Search Settlement Decision Electronic Frontier Foundation. N. p. , 23 Mar. 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. . Rogers, T. Google Books Good for Knowledge, Bad for Privacy. Information Privacy Law. N. p. , 28 Mar. 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. http//www. brianrowe. org/infoprivacylaw/2011/03/28/google-books-good-for-knowledge-bad-for-privacy/ Google Books. Google Books. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. .

Fast Food and Obesity Essay

In todays society, unwavering regimen for thought has gravel a prominent part of many the Statesns lives. With the procession numbers of grievous people, it is hard not to draw a correlation between the make up in abstain-flying intellectual nourishment and fleshiness. Most obese people weart want to be obese and wish they could lose weight, further they continue to struggle with their fast feed intake and obesity. This is repayable to the advertizing do on the consumers, the highly addictive food itself, and most importantly, how advert and addiction combine with children to form vestmentss that be kept once they become adults. These factors be the reasons that fast food restaurants are to blame for the rising obesity and health risks across America. The goernment occupys to maltreat in and channelise restrictions on these fast food restaurants so they will stop taking advantage of peoples weaknesses.So with that said, I actually differ with Weintraubs poin t. And that is why I believe that the fast food manufacturing is at blame for this issue. Before we go into detail about how fast food companies are to blame for people over eating their food, it offset essential be proven that fast food is indeed the briny enigma causing todays obesity in America. It is know to many people how the number of fast food restaurants in America has increased tremendously over the past several decades, but it is grueling to calculate by how much due to the lack of certain data. Also, it is strong whether or not to categorize certain restaurants as fast food. Although, a bang-up bearing to get a feel on the ripening of the fast food industry is to take a look at McDonalds, which has been Americas most popular fast food kitchen range for decades.In 1968 McDonalds open its 1,000th American restaurant. This number has increased to 13,800 restaurants in 2011, which really shows how much more fast food people are consuming compared to the past. Consi der the increase of nigh fourteen times in the number of McDonalds restaurants, with the number of obese adults between the ages of 20 and 74 over a similar time period. From 1960-62 to 2005-06 the number of obese Americans almost tripled from 13.4% to 35.1%. These two extreme upward trends might make a convince case that the extra fast food intake has actd the rise in obesity rates, and it may very well be a good indication, but it is far fromproof. Too many things have changed over the years, from the way the average American exercises, to the types of opposite food that people are consuming. promptly that it has been established that fast food is the main cause behind the rising obesity numbers in America, it is time to dig deeper and show how only these fast food chains are at fault for this issue. A common topic when talking about people overeating fast food is addiction. When numbers are brought up about obesity and how a great deal people visit fast food restaurants, pe ople tend to shorten it and are categorized as fat people who are overly lazy to cook their own food or break the habit of visiting fast food restaurants. However, people dont crystallise the true addictive power that food can have on someone, especially fast food.While people try to use their stubbornness to stay away from fast food restaurants, they often fail due to the countless TV, radio, billboard, and online advertisements that draw them back in. Fast food advertising has been change magnitude over the years. In 2009, the American fast food industry fagged over $4.2 billion on advertising. That might seem like an broken amount of money to spend on advertising, but it lead to over $140 billion in sales, so these fast food restaurants must know what theyre doing. It is obvious that this tremendous advertising is leading to greater sales, otherwise these restaurants marketing teams would not be disbursal so much. As profit-seeking corporations, fast food restaurants cann ot be blamed for abstracted to advertise as much as they do, but that doesnt average that their advertising isnt a huge problem in our society. advertising clearly leads to greater consumption of fast food which leads to obesity and other health risks. Although fast food advertising as a total is a huge issue, the far greater concern is the way children are targeted in todays advertisements. In a 2007 report done by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, they found that the average child in America views 15 television commercials per day. This isnt necessarily a problem as long as these commercial are composed of loosely healthy foods. This is such a huge problem due to children existence more easily manipulated by food advertising. Their experiment discovered that children who viewed food advertisements ate 45%more food than children who viewed non-food advertisements. Add all this up, and it comes to no surprise that in the last 30 years, the number of overweight and at risk child ren has more than tripled to 34%.It is clear that changes need to be do regarding fast food advertising, particularly involving children. Change needs to come shortly as children will soon develop habits of high fast food consumption, which has our society pointed towards an unhealthy future. Efforts have been made in order to cause change, but it clearly hasnt been enough. This is why the political science needs to step in and regulate how much these restaurants are allowed to advertise. Not only does the government need to regulate the volume of advertisements, but more importantly they need to stop the fast food restaurants from targeting certain demographics. For example, not allowing advertisements on childrens television shows will decrease the wanting of food as often. As for what they are allowed to advertise, there definitely needs to be an emphasis pose on healthy food choices.Over the past decade, fast food restaurants have been offering more and better food choices o r alternatives on their plug-ins. These alternatives are most often salads, but also include broiled chicken sandwiches amongst other items. These so called healthy alternatives appear to be healthy, which is what the fast food restaurants are most concerned about. However, these alternatives are not of all time as healthy as they seem. With every passing moment, the over-popularity of fast food becomes more of a difficulty as it causes obesity numbers to come up across the nation.Normally, the choices should ultimately lie in the hands of the people to take in healthier lifestyles, and decreases their reliance on fast food. However, in this instance, due to the grimness of fast food addiction, along with too much advertising, and the cheap menu alternatives offered, people have been unable to make a change, and continue to wit in the wrong direction. But until Americans take measures to mend the problems fast food has created, itll take some time for us to become a healthier nation.

Compare Polymers Metal And Ceramics Architecture Essay

Ceramicss be inorganic and non t bug out ensemble- auriferous element obturates formed from all- coat and nonmetallic elements whose inter atomic bonds argon either noodle or gravidly ionic. Many of the ceramics wanted be commodiousingss atomic number 18 obtained normally by a highschool temperature arouse intervention. Ceramicss ar do up of dickens or more than elements. In a watch nutline crook is more composite plant than that of metals. When the bonding is largely ionic the crystal twirl is retain up of positively budged metallic ions, cations, negatively charged nonmetallic ions and anions. When the ions be bonded together the overall charge must be impersonal. To hold a stable system the anions in the construction that surround a cation must be in disturb with that peculiar ion. There needs to be a ratio of the cation wheel spoke to the anion radius for the coordination and apprehension of the constructions geometry. If for illustration in that locat ion is a deficiency of coordination, the cation would be falsely incased by the anions thitherfore doing a prostration in its expected structural stableness. There atomic number 18 numerous distinct subjects of constructions comprise for ceramics. One crystal construction is the AX type where there argon an equal figure of cations and anions. Another crystal construction that exists for ceramics has a assorted figure of cations and anions moreover still has a impersonal charge because the ions stupefy different magnitudes of charge is called an AmXp construction. An AmBnXp construction has more than one type of cation, represented by A and B but merely one type of anion. This type of construction is at any rate check overn in close wadding of ions in metals. Imperfections occur in the crystal construction of ceramics rattling a worry to metal structural flaws. Defects muckle happen in apiece of the two ions of the construction. At any cut tolerate there ass be cat ion, anion interstitials, cation or anion vacancies. close to(prenominal) defects or imperfectnesss occur in braces to keep the electroneutrality. A Frenkel defect is a cation vacancy and cation interstitial brace. When a cation and anion vacancy brace occurs they are called a Schottky defect. Ceramicss can besides hold impuritys in the crystal construction want metals.Figure 12.21 gives a conventional diagram of the Frenkel and a Schotkey defects ( pg 435 ) .In many an(prenominal) instances ceramics f diminished to be sincerely brickle which can take to ruinous sorrow with in reality few marks of weariness. This is delinquent to the f be pay that ceramics absorb really small energy before they prisonbreak. When ceramics are subjected to a tensile emphasis, they astir(predicate) ever break before any malleable distortion takes topographic argue. Fracture occurs because of the organisation and extension of clefts perpendicular to the applied burden. Ceramicss nonplus a greater ability to defy compaction than tenseness. The modulus of fling lessenings with more pores in the ceramic tug. When there are many pores in the cloth they act as emphasis concentrators which expose the scarf out to weak part. However, ceramics are really difficult and are good for applications programmes where abradant or crunching action is needed. more or less polymers are organic and are composed of hydrocarbons with interatomic forces that are represented as covalent bonds. Most polymers ironss are rather long and really complex. These long molecules are made up of repetition units which are repeated along the range of mountains. The smaller repetition unit is called a monomer. Polymers can be made up of a individual repetition unit, called a homopolymer, or two or more different reiterating units called copolymers.Polymers by and large have a really big molecular(a) incubus. These molecular ironss tend to hold many kinking, bending, and gyrating along with we b with adjacent ironss whitethorn happen. This causes the result impede to be really live. Polymer ironss can hold side groups which cause different constellations found on which side and with what regularity they bond. They can evince a item of crystallinity similar to the wadding of the molecular ironss to muddle an stateed atomic array. This crystal construction can be much more complex than metallic crystal constructions. Defects in polymers besides differ from those found in metals and ceramics. Defects in polymers are linked to the concatenation ends because they are close towhat different than the concatenation itself and emerge from the sections of the crystal. Polymers are really sensitive to strive rate, temperature, and chemical constitution of the environment. Different polymers can depict different emphasis screen doings depending on the complexness of the molecular concatenation. Certain polymers display a full stop of is brickle where break occurs before compromising distortion which is really similar in the instance of ceramics. Another type of polymers is really similar to metals where rubber band distortion takes topographic record foremost foldepressioned by giving and fictile distortion. A 3rd type is exhibited by elastomers which have wholly elastic and recoverable distortion. Polymers by and large have a lower modulus of snap and tensile strength so metals. Some Polymers can be stretched up to ten times longer than its original province where metals and ceramics can non smooth carry through. Polymers exhibit viscoelasticity at temperatures between where elastic and liquid like behaviours are prevailing. Similar to metals and ceramics, polymers can see weirdo. Creep is a reduce dependent factor due to deformation under emphasis or elevated temperature. In both ceramics and polymers, creep depends on clip and temperature. Polymers may be malleable or brickle depending on temperature, strain rate, ideal geometry, and tren d of lading which is really similar to the belongingss of metals. Polymers are brickle at low temperatures and have somewhat low impact strengths. Polymers can see weariness under a insistent burden. They are by and large softer than metals and ceramics and unlike metals and ceramics, polymer runing occur over a scope of temperatures alternatively at a specific temperature.Metallic elements are a stymy made up of metallic elements that are bonded metallically similar common metal. The negatrons are non outpouring to any peculiar atom making a matrix of ion nucleuss surrounded by many negatrons. They are really good music directors of raise up and electricity where as ceramics and polymers are missing. Polymers and metals are both malleable and are non that brickle though metals besides exhibit a degree of plasticity. Ceramicss are really brittle, they tend to fracture under a burden which mover they are missing in ductileness. Polymers are the softest stuff due to their compl ex construction, sequence ceramics are the hardest but are non really tough because they fracture before fictile distortion occurs. Polymers plastically deform really tripping and have the smallest new s modulus. Ceramicss have the highest value because of their crispness and neer reach the point of fictile distortion because they would fracture foremost. The values of Young s modulus for metals fall between those for polymers and ceramics. These three stuffs have diverse constructions and exhibit different degrees of defects. Alloying, utilizing the term in the broadest sense.Simply an metal is a metal chemical compound that consists of 2 or more metal or nonmetallic elements. These combinations of metallic and non metallic elements finally create new compounds that in consequence show superior structural belongingss as compared to the elements by themselves. The type of metal mixtures is extremely dependent on the coveted mechanic belongings of the stuff. Alloying can be applied to metals, ceramics and polymers where in each particular belongingss are desired.One of the most coveted belongingss of metal metal is the hardenability. A stuff with a high degree of rigorousness get out defy distortion ca utilize by show indenture or scratch while a stuff with a low hardness degree testament deform more light-colored under similar conditions. The chief factor in a stuff s hardenability is its martensite ( the rate which austenitized Fe C metals are formed when cooled ) besides content and is related to the contribute of C in a stuff. With this application of corrupt on metals, the stuff can exhibit greater strain and emphasis oppositions every bit good as snap. These belongingss are affirmatory when covering with building and fabrication procedures.A ceramic metal is essentially a merger of a ceramic with of 2 or more metals. As seen in metal metals, ceramic metals can dwell of slag atoms in a solid province. In ceramic metals an interstitial an d substitutional provinces are possible. In an interstitial type, the anion has to be bigger than the dross of the ionic radius. The substitutional dross applies where the dross atom normally forms a cation in the ceramic stuff therefore the host cation leave alone be substituted.Figure 12.23 provides a great visual representation of interstitial and substitutional types in a ceramic metal ( pg 437 ) .Significantly, to decent accomplish a solid province of solubility for replacing dross atoms, the charge and the ionic size must be as the selfsame(prenominal) as the host ion. If they were different it there would necessitate to be some other manner for the electroneutrality to be maintained within the solid. An easy manner to rag this is to make a formation of lattice defects of vacancies or interstitial of both ion types. Cobalt Cr is a perfect illustration of a ceramic metal in which was designed to be used for coronary thrombosis intercessions therefore because it does non d egrade one time placed in the military man organic structure.Polymer alloys consist of two or more different types of polymers in a sense blended together. There are a assortment of additives that can be blended or mixed in with the polymer to make the coveted consequence for the stuff. Polymer additives that support the registration of its physical belongingss are fillers, plasticisers, stabilizers and of screen fire retardents. Fillers are by and large introduced to a polymer, when a greater comprehensive strength and thermic stableness is desired. Making these types of metals are really good because they are by and large really easy to make and utilize in their coveted signifier. Plasticizers help better the flexibleness and formidability of polymers by cut tweaking the hardness and stiffness of the stuff. They are much introduced to polymers that are by and large brickle at room temperature. These additives are particularly utile because they by and large lower the start er line of achievement temperature therefore permiting the polymer to hold a termination of bendability. Due to the fact that sealed polymers are non resilient to environmental conditions, stabilizers are introduced. They provide stableness and wiz against price against the windup(prenominal) belongingss. The two most common signifiers of environmental impairment are UV exposure and oxidization. A major concern with many polymers is that they are extremely flammable. Fire retardents are introduced to such polymers to cut down the combustibleness of the stuff by interfering with its ability to burn through a gas st head or originating a different burning reaction that generates less wake. This procedure testament cut down the temperature that would finally relegate the combustion procedure.Kirill Shkolnik105940393ESG 332 R01Exam 2 ( Question 2 )Describe with mention to manakin diagrams and disruption theory, how precipitation age hardening can be achieved in aluminiu m metals.By and large aluminium is a metal with a low degree of denseness compared to other metals. Due to this low degree of denseness, it conducts electricity and heat better than Cu. Aluminums merely over 1200 grades Fahrenheit which is comparably low to other metals. Due to these simple facts, it seems ideal to bond elements such as Ti, Si, Cu, Zn and other stuffs to amplify aluminiums positive properties. The procedure precipitation age hardening can magnify the alloying of aluminium. This procedure involves supersaturating a solid firmness of purpose precipitating equally dispersed atoms on the aluminium. This leave alone assist stem the motion of disruptions within the metal construction. The basic construct of disruption is the atomic misalignment of atoms in a additive plane. These atomic misalignments affect a unharmed series of atoms on a plane. The series of misalign atoms form a line called a disruption line. There are two cognize types of disruption called the pri son guard and shore disruption. Screw disruption and border disruption are the primary types of disruptions but require a genuine content of each other to happen. By cut downing the sum of disruptions can radically increase the strength in the metal. The procedure of debasing normally makes a pure stuff harder. The procedure of debasing is belongings one metal bond with dross atoms from other stuffs to alter its mechanical belongingss. An debasing procedure called solid root word debasing uses a solution to replace bonds inside the metal. The modification of disruption motion is a major factor for debasing because it can be used to beef up metals. Debasing metals with the precipitation hardening makes the strength of the new stuff stronger as the advancement of the procedure is delayed. The ground for precipitation hardening is sought aft(prenominal) is because of its abilities in doing metals stronger.Aluminum metals can hold precipitation in a really specific manner. Heat in tervention occurs when one stuff is heat a supersaturated mixture at a specific academic degree and so two different presents can be present together. A precipitate signifiers in slim pieces throughout the full stuff. When the mixture is at its equilibrium, the forming procedure comes to an terminal. The little pieces of precipitate so spread together to address one big precipitate. This phase of the precipitate tends to weaken the stuffs cardinal construction. The little pieces of precipitate in the stuff make it harder for disruptions to travel. When strength of the stuff diminishes due to the motion of the precipitate it is called overaging.There are two things need for heat interventions to be applied.Figure 11.21 provides a graphical representation the relationship between temperature and report for aluminium and Cu ( pg 402 ) .The Cu stage represented at a shows a supersaturated solid solution in aluminium while the compound that between the two elements is symbolized as ? . Interestingly the point M represents the max solubility point at certain temperature and composing in the stuff. Point N represents the solubility bound of a and ( a + ? ) L symbolizes the temperature needed for the solution to go a liquid. If a major sum of solute is made available in the solution, we would hold a precipitation case-hardened metal. The bound of the solubility curve immensely decreases in concentration as the temperature decreases.There are two different ways precipitation can happen. One procedure is the usage heat intervention where the solute can be dissolved to organize a solid individual stage solution. This regularity can be done by heating an metal to a really high temperature.Figure 11.24 shows that the? stage is blended into a stage ( pg 404 ) .Then the metal is cooled where all that is left is a supersaturated a stage. Precipitation heat intervention the ( a + ? ) stage is het to a specific temperature to let the? stage to precipitate. The metal is cooled and the hardness of the metal is determined by clip. A logarithmic map a comparing with strength and clip proves the colony of temperature and strength.Kirill Shkolnik105940393ESG 332 R01Exam 2 ( Question 3 )Describe what is meant by the term glaze transition temperature and exemplify your reply from polymer and ceramic point of position.Typically a water ice departure temperature is where a non filmy signifier of a polymer or a ceramic is cooled and diversifys from a super cooled liquid into a furnish. A ceramic or a glassy stuff is a noncrystalline stuff that becomes progressively more syrupy when it is cooled. Due to the fact that glassy stuffs are noncrystalline there is no definite temperature when the liquid will transform into a solid. Though, it is besides of import to observe that in noncrystalline stuffs the specific mickle is dependent on temperature and will diminish with the temperature. The glass departure temperature displays a decrease in the rat e at which the particular volume decreases with temperature. When the temperature is downstairs this value, the stuff is in a ceramic from and straight higher up this point the stuff is considered a supercooled liquid. The glass expiration temperature occurs in both glassy and semicrystalline polymers, but non in crystalline stuffs. As certain molecular ironss in noncrystalline stuffs temperature bead due to miss of question the glass temperature characterization occurs. Basically glass release is the clip in which a steady geological fault occurs from the liquid province to a somewhat cartilaginous province and so to the concluding more stiff solid stuff. The glass passage temperature is the province in which the stuff goes from its rubbery to stiff province.This passage can take topographic point in both waies. As a polymer for illustration is cooled to a stiff solid, it can be change and undergo the same passage in contrary. As the stuff undergoes all of these alteration s its belongingss change from province to province. Some stuffs can see greater alteration include the stiffness, heat capacity, and the coefficient of thermic enlargement for the stuff during this passage. The glass passage temperature besides acts as a bound boundary for applications of polymers and polymer matrix like constituents. If this temperature is beyond the stuff threshold, it will no longer suit the coveted belongingss the undertaking had called for and the application would be useless. The molecules that had been frozen in topographic point below the will both revolve and interpret at the temperatures above. molecular(a) features have an impact on the concatenation s stiffness and will in bend affect the glass passage temperature for the stuff.Some molecular features that can do the concatenation s flexibleness to be bring down and the glass passage temperature to increase that include bulky side groups on the molecular concatenation. Besides these features can impact frosty atoms or groups of polar atoms on the side of the molecular concatenation, dual bonds, and aromatic groups. The glass passage temperature will besides increase as the molecular weight of the stuff additions. Branching besides influences the of a stuff, many subdivisions will diminish the ironss mobility and addition, a lower denseness of subdivisions will do the to diminish as the molecular ironss will hold a freer scope of gesture.Crosslinks can happen in glassy polymers and can impact, they cause the decrease of gesture and hence addition. If there are excessively many crosslinks occur in the stuff, the molecular gesture would be so limited that glass passage may non happen. It can be understood that many of the same molecular features which affect the glass passage temperature besides affect the thaw passage temperature. The two are affected in such a similar mode that is normally someplace between 0.5 to 0.8 times the runing passage temperature.Figure 15.19 demonstrates this mathematic relationship ( pg 548 ) .Both ceramic and polymers have a glass passage temperature. A glass can be referred to by several different names such as glassy solid, an formless solid or glassy solid. An formless solid has the mechanical belongingss of a solid, but does non hold long scope molecular order where they are in gesture at a really delay rate that it be considered stiff for regular intents. When glassy stuffs have been supercooled below the glass passage temperature they will take on features similar to those of a crystalline solid. This solid will go stiff with an increased hardness and will be more brickle. However, if a glassy stuff is heated to above its glass passage temperature it will go softer and many of the intermolecular bonds will interrupt leting the stuff to flux at an increasing fluid viscosity. A polymer below the glass passage temperature is more stiff, but as it enters its glass passage stage, the stuff becomes more rubbery as its viscousn ess additions. The polymer can come in its glass passage at a lower temperature when critical factors that normally affect the gesture of the molecules in the stuff are non all present.When molecular weight of a polymer additions, the glass passage temperature will besides increase. Many factors that increase the the gum elastic gasket would non make its occupation decently.Polymers can exhibit the undermentioned constructions formless, semi-crystalline and crystalline. Describe these constructions and explicate how the mechanical belongingss may be influenced by these structural signifiers for a polymer of the same chemical expression.Polymers can bristle formless, semi-crystalline and crystalline constructions of the same chemical expression. Polymers can be as liquids, semi solids, or solids related to the crystal constructions severally. However each of these constructions exhibit a assortment of different mechanical belongingss. The crystallinity of a polymer depends on the in termolecular secondary bonding which will to a great uttermost act upon the extent of any mechanical belongings of the polymer.The tensile strength, elastic modulus and compaction strength of a crystalline construction will be stronger than a semicrystalline construction and significantly stronger than formless type construction.For a crystalline construction the molecular ironss of the polymer are tightly packed together in an organized atomic group which take up infinite and will impact the polymers mechanical belongingss. These crystalline constructions are to a great extent influenced by the glass passage temperature. Besides the isomer and chemical expression lays out important factors that will be really of import in the formation of the bulk stuff construction.From certain big bulky functional groups there becomes an at hand hinderance that will suppress the motion capableness of a molecule. This procedure will increase the energy demand for any stage alteration. The result of this procedure is a greater passage temperature. This new temperature passage will increase the opportunities for the formation of a crystalline construction. The ground for this is and clip span before the stuff becomes a disorganised liquid and requires a longer clip for the molecules to set up themselves decently. When polymers have many subdivisions the weaker the stuff will be, even though crystalline constructions are stronger than less order stuffs.Figure 15.18 demonstrates the alteration in these structural provinces when specific volume and temperature are compared ( pg 546 ) .Pure polymers have a really little runing point scopes and bond strength. Doped polymers and polymer metals will by and large hold wider runing point scopes. The procedure of ramification will diminish the strength of a polymer, which would continuously diminish the thaw point temperature. Though, the act of ramifying on to a great extent heavy subdivisions will diminish molecule mobility. Besides within this procedure the molecular weight is affected every bit good.Kirill Shkolnik105940393ESG 332 R01Exam 2 ( Question 4 )How are T-T-T and C-C-T diagrams used to plan heat intervention agendas for field C steels.Time-Temperature-Transformation or T-T-T and uninterrupted chilling transmutation orC-C-T are used for heat intervention agendas for field C steel. T-T-T are normally cognise as an isothermal transmutation diagrams can demo the alteration of different stages at certain temperatures. C-C-T can be used to cipher per centum transmutation against the logarithm map through clip.The usage the isothermal transmutation and uninterrupted chilling transmutation diagrams can be used to develop a heat intervention for field C steels. These diagrams will back up the apprehension of C steels through stage diagrams. When a construction is heat treated, its chilling procedure helps retain its construction. This procedure can be analyzed through T-T-T.Figure 10.13 displays a graph ical representation of temperature against clip with a 3rd dimension with the per centum of the steel metal transformed to pearlite ( pg 326 ). The apprehension of a rapid chilling metal sully depends on the apprehension and application of heat intervention. It is understood that isothermal transmutations do non alter in temperature but uninterrupted chilling transmutation diagrams do. C-C-T and T-T-T display the same dimensions but over a larger spectrum of clip and temperature.Figure 10.28 shows different signifiers of steel metals ( pg 338 ) .A stuff that has been cooled to a temperature somewhat below its eutectoid temperature, and isothermal transmutation is maintained for an drawn-out period of clip, interestingly it can non be depicted on T-T-T diagrams in spheroid signifiers.