Plato :: essays research papers

Few definite details are known of Platos invigoration. He was born in Athens c. 427 BC and was the youngest son of Ariston, of an old and wealthy family. It is claimed that his real name was Aristocles, with "Plato" (meaning "the broad") being a nickname given to him because of his wrestlers physique. He served in the farthest years of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, and after democracy was restored in Athens in 403 BC he hoped to enter politics. However, the realities of political life as well as the execution of his mentor Socrates in 399 BC drove him to abandon this goal. After the death of Socrates, Plato left Athens and traveled in Italy, Sicily and Egypt, where he learned the function of a water clock. In Italy he came in contact with the ideas of Pythagoras, which gave him a new appreciation of mathematics. After serving over again in the military, he returned to Athens in 387 BC and founded his Academy, which he presided over until his dea th in 347 BC and which survived for nearly a thousand years after. His kit and boodle include discussions of mathematics, ethics, science and philosophy, usually in the form of dialogues. Some of the most famous are the Republic, Phaedo, and Symposium. Famous quotations by Plato     A hero is born among a speed of light, a wise while is found among a thousand, but an accomplished one might non be found even among a hundred thousand men.     All men are by nature equal, made all of the same earth by one Workman and however we misdirect ourselves, as dear unto God is the poor peasant as the mighty prince.     Courage is a kind of salvation.     Courage is knowing what not to fear.     Cunning... is but the modest mimic of wisdom.     Democracy... is a charming form of government, full of variety and disorder and dispensing a sort of equality to equals and unequ als alike.Democracy passes into despotism. Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws. He was a wise man who invented beer.He who is of calm and happy nature will hardly feel the pressure of age, but to him who is of an opposite disposition youth and age are evenly a burden. Honesty is for the most part less profitable than dishonesty. Knowledge which is acquired under compulsion obtains no hold on the mind.

Elites And The Masses Essay -- essays research papers fc

Elites and the good dealThere are many theories pertaining to the nature of power in fiat. In modern society, it is important to identify where and when power is exercised, who benefits and who suffers from it cosmos exerted upon them. In this tradition, it is useful to examine the managerialist perspective.Managerialism focuses on organizations as the basis, or unit of analysis of society, to which all other aspects of society are subordinate to. These organizations use their resources in an attempt to dominate each other and society. Managerialism tells us that power is concentrated among a group of elites who control organizations, and use them as an instrument to gain more(prenominal) power and expand their realm of control. Organizational power is increasingly the most important force that explains the direction of change in both state and society (Alford and Friedland, p.174). Thus, elites are becoming the most important factor that determines our society, and do not assi st the full interests of society, but rather attempt to duck the masses to come apart serve itself. Max Weber&8217s theory of bureaucracy lends itself to the notion of the managerialism. He claims that as society becomes more integrated and complex, organizational elites come to be more dependent on specialists and experts, or bureaucracies to advise and influence them on decisions. Bureaucracies are groups of individuals doing specialized tasks which blend into a cohesive and efficient unit. Power becomes increasingly centralized within bureaucracies and the elites who control them because as they grow, becoming more powerful, they use that power to gain more control over the masses. Weber saw the diachronic development of societies as a movement toward rational forms of organization, that is, groups organized not on the basis of the authority of personalities and traditions but on the basis of specific functions to carry through or objectives to meet (Marger p. 72). Weber ofte n used the notion of a machine to illustrate what he meant by modern organizations, referring to people as &8220cogs that serve the machine, losing their identity and creativity in the process. Although Weber admitted that both mechanization and bureaucracy together created an extremely efficient and productive economic system, they also worked to bui... ...with common interests who conjugation together for a common goal, while managerialism believes that power is centralized among a small group of elites who work to get more power, and will even manipulate the masses in their own best interest. Pluralism believes that the citizens dictate to our government the proper policies to enact, when managerialism says that people in a position of power dictate policies to the public. In addition, pluralism assumes a consensus of values among individuals, while managerialism sees society working by conflict and coercionBibliographyAlford and Friedland, Chapter Seven, &8220State and Society in Managerial Perspective, in Powers of Theory, 1985, p.161-83.Martin Marger, Ch.4, &8220The Elite Model, in Elites and Masses (New York D. Van Nostrand, 1981).George Ritzer, &8220The Weberian Theory of Rationalization and the McDonaldization of Contemporary Society, p 37-62 in P. Kivisto (ed.), Illuminating social like (Thousand Oaks, Pine Forge Press, 1998).C. Wright Mills, &8220The Structure of Power in America, in James Farganis (ed.), Ch. 11 &8220Conflict Theory, Readings in Social Theory (NY Mcgraw-Hill, 1996).

Analysis of the Closet Scene in Hamlet the Movie Essay -- essays rese

juncture is often seen as one of the most well known examples of an Oedipus Complex presented in literature. The reasons for this is probably because of the plot that resolves around the revenge that juncture has against his step-father Claudius and because of the relationship that Hamlet has with his mother that is loaded with sexual energy. Hamlets love for his mother is especially exemplified by the Mel Gibsons interpretation of the infamous jam scene. Traditionally a Queens closet was not worth emphasizing a bedroom, but it is likely that most of the readers would presume that the closet scene takes key out in Gertrude?s bedroom because of the obsession that Hamlet has about Gertrude?s bed. When Hamlet responds to his mother?s summons and comes to her closet, he invades a very private place where customarily a woman would only entertain her husband or a lover. For an adult son to do this, intimations of erotic possibilities are almost requisite because the son crosses the l ine into the enclosure of his mother?s privacy to encounter her as a sexualized subject. The room that Olivier created for Gertrude contained a lot of scenery to convey a subliminal message. The tall doors look phallic-shaped and the bed is the center of attention most of the time. The bed is also much more lit than the rest of the room that emphasizes the splendour of it. The way Gertrude petes Hamlet in the Olivier, can be signifiers of the sexuality that is going in between her and Hamlet. The kisses are not what the everyday person interprets as Platonic and it is almost as if Hamlet and Gertrude are drawn closer and closer because of the passion between them, in order that their faces are only inches apart. The last kiss between Gertrude and ... ...e other movies. She takes every opportunity to kiss Hamlet fully on the mouth, sometimes even lingering on the lips. It is almost as if Hamlet?s Oedipal cravings is a given in this movie. At one time Hamlet is even thrusting his l ions against Gertrude that suggest a signifier of sexual intercourse. When the feeling appears it is as if it is just in time to stop Hamlet and Gertrude from having full-fledged intercourse. Gertrude does not seem to mind this at all in the way she caresses Hamlet unquestionably more representative of the display of affection one associates with a lover than a mother. The conclusion is that the Oedipus Complex definitely plays an integral role in the most of the movies made about Hamlet. Two of the three films I discussed are clearly paradigmatic, as each has in some way further contributed to the belief of Hamlet?s aberrant sexual feelings.

Graduation Speech: The Quest for Wisdom :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

There is a distinct difference among noesis and wisdom. I can tell you that as honor society president I have seen many smart people do stupid things. Lets comely say that mixing a very large lunch with a bobbing ship and an admissions officer from the University of California equals a vomitous situation. Today, we argon sitting here celebrating the detail that we spent four long years in high school matriculating, which means actually learning to use words like matriculation. But I am going to go out on a limb and say that while we have acquired all of this companionship, we are still incredibly dumb, and I am non referring to WASL scores, I mean that we have not had the opportunity to apply our knowledge. Just as I was completely unaware of my propensity for sea sickness, many of us have not had the opportunity to grow wiser. The class of 2006 has advanced technology at its fingertips. However, we must remember that the Internet, television, and cell ph angiotensin converti ng enzymes really are artificial intelligence, all they do is retain information. It is our job to apply it. Within the past year we have had many unfortunate reminders of the difference between knowledge and wisdom, now we are learning that certain bureaus within the federal government were aware of the possibility of a terrorist attacks, but clearly the appropriate proactive measures were not taken. You see knowledge merely being aware of information is absolutely useless. Wisdom knowing what to do with information is invaluable- in this case it meant the difference between discourse and recourse, and the loss of thousands of lives. So while we are accustomed to our artificial intelligence, it is time we become wise. More than ever it is important that we are wise most our rights. After Sept. 11 there was an immediate scramble to tighten security. Random searches of our persons, our vehicles and our homes suddenly become acceptable because of fear. The most common response to the se encroachments is as one passive Washington state ferry rider put it why should i care? I have nothing to hide. We should care because unwarranted searches are a regression of everything we have built this nation to be. We know what our rights are, but what are we doing to protect them? In an effort to protect the U.S. our first step is to incline many of the things we stand for.

Similarities Between Franz Liszt And Kurt Cobain :: essays research papers fc

Similarities Between Franz Liszt and Kurt CobainFranz Liszt was one of many classical composers. In some ways, he at a lower placesurfacebe compared to a modern rock and roll star.Franz Liszt was natural in Raiding, Hungary, on October 22, 1811. Muchlike Mozart, he was a very great mild player at a very young age. Lisztcomposed an opera called Don Sancho at the age of fourteen. Professionals ofLiszts time thought that he was only a genius with the piano, which was notenough to give his ideas the great recognition they deserved. Many peoplethought that Liszt was a mover and a shaker, a rebel, chased women, and hadlots talent and personality." He had invented the solo recital. When Liszt hada concert, he usually played his own music and came out wearing decorationshanging on chains, which was unusual for his time. For some(prenominal) years Liszt washospitalized for a nervous breakdown. In some ways he was much like Kurt Cobain,the late lead singer of the rock band Nirvana.K urt Cobain was born on February 20, 1967, in Aberdeen, Washington. Hewas passed on to several relatives after his parents divorced when he was eightyears old. For some time he even lived under a bridge and was hospitalized fora heroin addiction. It was not entirely unexpected that Cobain committedsuicide. He had had entered a coma by overdosing on a miscellanea of champagne andtranquilizers on March 4. Also, Kurts family history showed that two of hisfathers uncles committed suicide, along with the fact that there were a lot ofdysfunctional marriages and alcoholism present. During a concert, Kurt wouldsaccade around as if he was being electrocuted. After his death, the sale ofNirvana memorabilia increased dramatically.As you can see, both Franz Liszt and Kurt Cobain have somecharacteristics in common. They had both been hospitalized for an illness.However, one was physical while the other was mental. Both had unusual concertstyles. Like many classical composers, Kurt was not truly appreciated until his

Similarities Between Franz Liszt And Kurt Cobain :: essays research papers fc

Similarities Between Franz Liszt and Kurt CobainFranz Liszt was one of many classical composers. In some ship canal, he canbe compared to a modern rock and roll star.Franz Liszt was natural in Raiding, Hungary, on October 22, 1811. Muchlike Mozart, he was a very great piano player at a very young age. Liszt smooth an opera called Don Sancho at the age of fourteen. Professionals ofLiszts time thought that he was only a genius with the piano, which was notenough to give his ideas the great acknowledgement they deserved. Many peoplethought that Liszt was a mover and a shaker, a rebel, chased women, and hadmuch talent and personality." He had invented the solo recital. When Liszt hada concert, he normally played his own music and came out wearing decorationshanging on chains, which was funny for his time. For two years Liszt washospitalized for a nervous breakdown. In some ways he was much like Kurt Cobain,the late lead singer of the rock band Nirvana.Kurt Cobain was born on Febr uary 20, 1967, in Aberdeen, Washington. Hewas passed on to several relatives by and by his parents divorced when he was eightyears old. For some time he even lived under a bridge and was hospitalized fora heroin addiction. It was not only when unexpected that Cobain connectedsuicide. He had had entered a coma by overdosing on a mixture of champagne andtranquilizers on March 4. Also, Kurts family history showed that two of hisfathers uncles committed suicide, along with the fact that there were a lot ofdysfunctional marriages and alcoholism present. During a concert, Kurt wouldjerk around as if he was being electrocuted. After his death, the change ofNirvana memorabilia increased dramatically.As you can see, both Franz Liszt and Kurt Cobain have somecharacteristics in common. They had both been hospitalized for an illness.However, one was physical while the other was mental. Both had unusual concertstyles. Like many classical composers, Kurt was not truly appreciated until his

Fdi in North America

Analysis of orthogonal pose Investments of magnetic north America Kristin Daughdril & William Cassidy Business Administration 418 Abstract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investing involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest in and control by a resident entity in one economy of an opening move resident in a different economy (UNCTAD). There are two types of FDI, in passs and outflows, which can be used to help determine the enthronement memorys strategies and economies of countries occupied in FDI. northeasterly America has been the source of nearly one-half of all investment and almost trey-quarters of the jobs created throughout the globe (Huggins, 442). northeastern America is probably the most fundamental continent when it comes to dealing with FDI. The three main countries of North America, the United States, Canada, and Mexico, all rank in the top 15 of innovation economies, proving them to be desirable partners in FDI transactions.T he trends of FDI discussed in this report will be unparalleled to this information and can lead to some predictions on how future trends of the countries of North America will stretch to be superior to that of the other continents of the world. Keywords Foreign Direct Investment, FDI Inflow, FDI Outflow Foreign Direct Investment is investment of a company located in a different earth either by buying a company in the country or expanding its business into the country. FDI can be done for numerous another(prenominal) purposes.Companies may have tax incentives abroad, cheaper labor, abundant resources, target-specific food markets or other reasons to enter into admit investment with a foreign country. Three components of FDI include equity capital, reinvestment earnings, and intra-company loans. These three components are the values that, if changed, will affect FDI first-hand. FDI inflows are flows of investment into the reporting country from a non-resident entity. Outflows a re just the opposite. They are the reporting countries investments into a country abroad.FDI has become a major factor in accessing economical power in the world economy. The North American continent consists of some countries including the United States, Canada, Bermuda, Greenland, Mexico, Belize, Haiti, the Bahamas, Jamaica, and many others. This report focuses on the only two developed countries in North America, US and Canada, as rise up as another top economy of the world, Mexico. It has been assemble that North America has been the source of one-half of all foreign direct investment in the globe (Huggins, 442). All three countries are ranked in the top 15 in world economies.All three counties are members of WTO and, in spite of the differences in views on international trade and investment among the three countries they entered NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). NAFTA, along with the Canadian US Free Trade Agreement, CUSFTA, has increased the desirability of inte rest in the North American economic integration (Bird, 406). In the Americas, FDI is governed by a multi-layered system of agreements that include national investment statutes, bilateral investment treaties, free trade agreements, common markets, and multilateral instruments (Haslem).NAFTA Recently, foreign direct investment has changed from relying on how much a country exports, to now focusing to a greater extent on trade between countries. In order to focus more on trade, many countries have abolished some trade barriers between countries, make countries to do away with the protectionism strategy. Mexico, Canada, and the US decided to become a part of the North American Free Trade Agreement. This agreement allows the countries to trade freely. As a result of NAFTA, their foreign direct investment rose prominentally Mexico, as well as Canada, has seen a great increase in FDI and import production.This also lowers the cost of trading between these countries because they are close to each other. This reduces the cost of transportation, causing an incentive to trade together. This treaty is a big reason for Mexico and Canadas success. Mexico Mexico is the second largest recipient of FDI in Latin America and the Caribbean. Foreign direct investment plays a big role with Mexicos success. More countries participate in trade with countries that have an open economy, since they do not have as many taxes and tariffs that many protectionist countries have.According to the World Investment Report 2006 published by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), in 2005, Mexico received more than 19 billion U. S dollars which puts it among the top 13 in the world and among the top four in developing countries. The United States has a big impact on Mexicos economy. The spike in foreign direct invest in 2001 was collectible to the $12. 5 billion purchase of Banamex by United States Citigroup. This caused a dramatic increase in the FDI of Mexico in 2001 .By looking at the graph of FDI flows within Mexico, it appears that there was a major drop of FDI in 2002 this is only overdue to 2001 beingness such a good year for Mexico. Canada Foreign direct investment in Canada has increased dramatically from 1990 to 2002, an increase of four and a half measure within these twelve years. The United States has a major affect on FDI in Canada. In 2001, United States obtained 90 percent of the inflows and 62 percent of the outflows. This is due to the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement which has increased the cross-border transactions between the two countries.The removal of trade barriers has had a positive takings on the FDI in Canada. The increased presence of international entities in Canada helps to provide favorable economic conditions which are attractive to foreign investors. Since NAFTA, foreign direct investment has increased continuously without it, Canadas FDI would not be what it is today. United States The Unite d States have recently dominated the foreign investment playing field among the world economies. The position of the outward flow of FDI has exceeded that of the inward flow every year since 1982.Inflow and outflow are mainly dealt with developed economies, the largest partner being the United Kingdom, close followed by Canada. Mexico is ranked number 12 as FDI partners with the US. inner flows of FDI come mainly from the UK, Japan, Canada, and Switzerland. The US experienced steady developing from 1992 to 1998 followed by rapid growth in FDI inflow in 1999 and 2000. The high level of capital inflows between 1999 and 2001 reflects the strong foreign interest in US technology and telecommunications firms during the stock market boom years, prior to the market downturn in 2001 (Bloodgood). 001 recorded the lowest inflow increase the US had seen in many years. This could be due to the terrorist attacks on the world trade centers, causing the stock market crash. Investors may have fea red the threat of potential future terrorist attacks. By 2004, investors saw past this threat and the US inflows went on the rise again (Dutta). United States outward flow of FDI transact mainly with the UK, Canada, the Caribbean, and Bermuda (Bloodgood). The flow of FDI into other countries stayed steady up until 2004 when the flow increased drastically.This was due to reinvested earnings and the decline of the value of US dollar compared to important host affiliates. Earnings in several industries grew sharply. In 2005, the US recorded its lowest parting increase in FDI since 1982. The reason for this was that reinvested earnings turned negative in 2005, as cumulative retained earnings of foreign affiliates were drawn down to fund distributors to US parent counties as a result of tax incentives provided by the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (Koncz).The rise of outward FDI continued, however, to rise as though 2005 did not occur. Predictions All three of the countries that hav e been studied from North America in the research paper have come across many setbacks and burdens in the past years when dealing with foreign direct investment. All three have also overcome many obstacles in order to pursue economic power by becoming international market influencers. All three counties show continued signs of reasonably steady growth in FDI outflow. Inward flow of FDI seems to be similar between the US and Canada.They have both had somewhat inconsistent rises in the inward flow. Nonetheless, they both continue trade with each other and probably will never decline in that particular area. Mexico has had relatively steady increases in inward flow of FDI and continue to rise, leading us to believe that they will continue on their pace to trying to become a developed economy.References Bird, F. , Vance, T. , amp Wollstencroft, P. (2009). Fairness in International Trade and Investment North American Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 84, 405-425. Bloodgood, L. 20 08). Inbound and Outbound U. S. Direct Investment with Leading Partner Companies. Journal of International Commerce amp Economics, 63-111. Borga, M. , amp Yorgason, D. R. (2002). Direct Investment localisation for 2001 Country and Industry Detail. Survey of Current Business, 82(7), 23-25. Braithwaite, W. , Ciardullo, J. (2006). Investors Set Sights on Canada. International Financial Law Review, 45-49. Dutta, A. S. , Theis, J. , amp Su, R. (2007). FDI into the US, 1998-2004. International Journal of Finance, 19(2), 4370-4379. Galan, B. , Oladipo, O. 2009) reserve Liberalization and NAFTA had a Positive Impact on Mexicos Output Growth?. Journal of Applied Economics. 12(1)159-180. Haslem, Paul Alexander. (2010). The Evolution of the FDI Regime in the Americas. trey World Quarterly, 31, 1181-1203. Huggins, R. , Demirbag, M. , amp Ratcheva, V. (2007). Global Knowledge and RampD FDI Flows. International Review of Applied Economics, 21 (3), 437-451. Koncz, J. L. , amp Yorgason, D. R. (2 006). Direct Investment Position for 2005 Country and Industry Detail. Survey of Current Business, 86 (7), 20-35. Koncz, J. L. , amp Yorgason, D. R. (2005). Direct Investment Position for 2004 Country and Industry Detail. Survey of Current Business, 85 (7), 40-53. Leitao, N. (2010). Foreign Direct Investment The Canadian Experience. International Journal Of Economics amp Finance, 2(4), 82-88. Oladipo, O. S. , amp Vasquez Galan, B. I. (2009). The Controversy About Foreign Direct Investment as a Source of Growth for the Mexican Economy. Problemas Del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana De Economia, 40(158), 91-112. Rosenzweig, P. M. (1994). The New American Challenge Foreign Multinationals in the US. California Management Review, 36 (3), 107-123. Tancer, R. S. (1997). Foreign Investment in North America and the Pharmaceutical Industry in Canada. International Executive, 39 (2), 283-297. Waldkirch A. The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico since NAFTA. World Economy serial o nline. May 201033(5)710-745. Mexico Inward FDI flow Mexico Outward FDI flow Canada Inward FDI flow Canada Outward FDI flow United States Inward FDI flow United States Outward FDI flow

Out, Out

Questions from pg 495 1. How does Frost make the buzz-saw appear sinister? How does he make it seem, in another way, like a fighter? a. The first line, The buzz-saw snarled and rattled in the yard and the seventh line And the saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled both emit a sense of darkness, as if having a personality of its own. b. When the sister came out and told the brother that supper was ready and the saw looked as if it leaped out of the boys hand, it seemed as if the saw was a friend of the boy that did not want to be abandoned, so it pulled away from the boy in anger, causing injury to the boy.The saw and the boy were in essence friends because of the condemnation they spent together sawing firewood, and when faced with the boy leaving was upset. 2. What do you make of the people who surround the boythe they of the numbers. Who might they be? Do they seem to you concerned and compassionate, cruel, indifferent, or what? a. The they of the metrical composition ap pear to be his family, possibly his uncles, aunts, or cousins. They could be neighborhood friends of the boys. b.Whoever they were, they did not seem to be very concerned that the boy was injured, permit alone dead. They seemed uncompassionate and unconcerned about what they had witnessed. 3. What does Frosts reverence to Macbeth contribute to your understanding of Out, Out ? How would you state the theme of Frosts poem? a. It seems to me that Macbeths verse is about how short life is, that life is just a shadow, a player, in the game of life, that walks around on a stage, thusly one day is over.Frost uses part of the first line of Macbeths verse Out, out as his title as a way to agree with and indite Macbeth as one of his role models in poetry. b. I feel that Frost uses the theme life and death as the main concept of Out, out. 4. Set this poem side by side with Sir Patrick Spence. How does Out, Out resemble that medieval folk ballad in the subject, or does it differ from it ? How is Frosts poem connatural or different in its way of telling a story? a. To me, the common thread of the two poems is life and eath. Day to day, you live your life, never cognize when your last day on earth will be, and when it comes, it is sudden. b. I think they are both similar it its way of telling a story in the sense that you got pulled into the poem, hanging on its every word. Both poems begin with telling the readers what the characters were doing and continue in detail about what happens. Though short, Frost succeeded at his readers gaining an appurtenance to the day in the life of his character.

Complicated Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis Health And Social Care Essay

A 76 twelvemonth old lady with a recent diagnosing of flea-bitten mitral valve disease and a history of repeated lower respiratory tract infections, came with symptoms of gastritis unre slowd to the primary disease but farther workup in the infirmary revealed atrial fibrillation, grossly dilated leftfield(a) atrium with two big left atrial thrombi and mitral valve unsophisticated & A lt 1 cm2. Mitral commissural calcification and important pneumonic high blood pressure were in like manner noted. After legion treatments it was decided that the best possible attack in our patient was mitral valve replacing with mechanic prosthetic device, despite the usual magnetic inclination of utilizing bioprosthesis in aged. The determination was influenced by the fact that patient would necessitate chronic anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation anyhow. The intent of our instance presentation is to exemplify an remarkably late present instance of arthritic comprehend disease with assor ted associated complications ensuing in a challenge to take the best possible direction.Our patient, an aged lady with late diagnosed arthritic mitral valve disease presented with legion challenges in seeking to call for up ones mind the best possible intervention old age, atrial fibrillation necessitating long run anticoagulation, left atrial thrombi, mitral valve calcification and grossly dilated left atrium. By studying this instance we aim to supply a logical attack in make up ones minding the intervention for similar instances with an accent on old age and long-run endurance benefit. We besides aim to foreground how the intervention should be individualized, victorious into consideration all the factors in a peculiar patient.A 76 year old female, occupant of Mumbai, and a homemaker came to the casualty of Sir JJ Hospital with ailments of 5-6 episodes of catharsis since forenoon that twenty-four hours. The puke was non-bilious and contained nutrient atoms. Past history was positive for perennial admittances for lower respiratory tract infection and a history of arthritic squeeze disease with mitral stricture diagnosed 3 old ages back. The patient did non retrieve holding any symptoms suggestive of arthritic febrility in her childhood.On scrutiny, she had irregularly irregular pulsation at the rate of 108/minute, blood force per unit study of 100/70 millimeter of Hg, normal jugular venous force per unit atomic number 18a and a pale visual aspect. Chest scrutiny revealed apical urge on the left 5th intercostal numberless and a tangible parasternal haeve and diastolic daze. Auscultation of the thorax revealed first contract sound ( S1 ) of variable strength, loud P2 and a systolic mutter in the tricuspid country which increased on inspiration.Electrocardiogram showed remedy package subdivision block and atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate. Chest X ray showed enormously dilated left atrium and right atrium and ventricle. Computed imaging of the thorax revealed a massively dilated left atrium ( 11 x 10 centimeter ) , right atrium ( 9.5 x 8 centimeter ) and right ventricle with reflux of blood seen in inferior vein cava and hepatic venas. Mitral valve showed calcification. It besides revealed two make fulling defects/thrombi, one attached to the anterior jetty of left atrium of size 6.5 ten 3.7 centimeter and 2nd attached to the posterior wall of size 3.2 ten 2.1 centimeter. Consequences of 2D echocardiography included thickener of mitral valve, mitral valve commissural calcification with a valve country of 0.9 cm2 on planimetry, an echo mark of 8/16 and grounds of thrombi in left atrium- one superiorly 4.6 centimeters x 3.7 centimeters and other attached to the asquint wall 3.1 centimeter x 2.1 centimeter. M-mode echocardiography showed decreased left ventricular internal dimensions at diastole and systole, decreased terminal systolic and diastolic volumes, a normal excrescence fraction ( 60.2 % ) and the left at rial dimension of 8.6 centimeters x 7.8 centimeter. Colour Doppler showed a mitral valve country of 0.9 cm2, estimated pneumonic arteria systolic force per unit area of 70mm of Hg ( normal 15-30mm of Hg ) and grade 1 mitral regurgitation.She was diagnosed as a instance of gastritis in a known instance of arthritic bosom disease and mitral stricture complicated by pneumonic high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and left atrial thrombi. The gastritis seemed to be unrelated to the implicit in arthritic bosom disease, but the workup drew attending to the primary job of terrible mitral stricture.The patient later underwent mitral valve replacing with mechanical prosthetic device. She was besides started on anticoagulation with Coumadin with a mark INR scope of 2.0 to 3.0.Patient showed good rec overy in the immediate post-operative period and regular follow up for a month later, showed a good response to the surgery and better ventricular rate control with drugs. There was a gradual a utumn in pneumonic arteria systolic force per unit area following surgery.Arthritic bosom disease has been the cause of important morbidity and mortality in the development states. Bing an autoimmune upset, it has been known to preponderantly impact younger persons following a throat infection with group A streptococcus. Mitral stricture, associated with arthritic bosom disease, can stay symptomless and present every bit tardily as in-between age or beyond. In such instances, the patient whitethorn non ever retrieve about an onslaught of arthritic febrility in childhood, giving the feeling of late onset arthritic bosom disease. We report a instance of an aged adult female who was late diagnosed with arthritic bosom disease and mitral stricture. Though it is hard to notice when the disease really started in our patient, we believe that the bosom disease had been benign until its presentation at an age good beyond the usual age of presentation in arthritic bosom disease. By this inst ance study we besides try to discourse the possible attacks to an aged patient with critical mitral valve disease with important calcification.Though previously symptomless, the demand for intercession in our instance was reiterated by the presence of grossly dilated bosom and important pneumonic high blood pressure. In critical mitral stricture that requires surgery, normally valvular fix is given the first consideration. The challenges in the direction of our patient were old age, significantly enlarged left atrium, presence of left atrial thrombi, mitral valve country & A lt 1cm2, mitral valve calcification and pneumonic high blood pressure. Significant calcification of commissures and valve cusp inspissating with decreased cusp country are contraindications to mitral valve fix 1 . A survey conducted by Wei T and co-workers 2 concluded that patients with mitral commissural calcification with an echo mark of & A acirc & A deg 8/16 have small betterment in valve country after balloon mitral valvuloplasty, ensuing in a hapless result. Because of the commissural calcification and left atrial thrombi in our instance, it was decided to travel with mitral valve replacing.The presence of atrial fibrillation with left atrial thrombi raised the possibility of long-run anticoagulation. With grossly dilated left atrium and the chronicity of atrial fibrillation, cardioversion would hold been unsuccessful. Anticoagulation in aged must be used with cautiousness because of important hazard of haemorrhagic complications and the lowest effectual dosage should be used. 3 Proper supervise of the dosage and INR is necessary as the effectual dosage for anticoagulation in aged is frequently lower than in the younger topics.Another inquiry was the pick of prosthetic device mechanical or biological. In patients & A gt 70yrs of age, biological valves are preferred 4 . This is preponderantly because of lower life anticipation in these patients, non-requirement of a nticoagulation with these cause of valves and lower rates of bioprosthetic impairment in aged 4,5 .Sidhu P and co-workers 6 performed a comparing survey over the long term efficaciousness of mechanical and bioprosthesis over a period of 20 old ages in patients over the age of 70. The survey concluded that bioprosthesis does non supply any survival benefit over mechanical valves in aged. Mechanical prosthetic device has been known to be more lasting but this advantage is offset by anticoagulation-related mortality in patients non necessitating anticoagulation otherwise 4,6 . Since our patient already required long-run anticoagulation, anyhow, usage of mechanical prosthetic device became possible and suited. 7 Figure 5 illustrates an algorithm for victorious the type of prosthetic valve in a patient. 8 From the instance study and the reappraisal of literature we can reason thatThe presentation of mitral stricture may be delayed as the valve upset may follow a benign class co mpatible with normal life. It is non uncommon for mitral stricture to show every bit tardily as old age.Anticoagulation in aged with atrial fibrillation demands to be used with cautiousness. Proper hazard stratification and monitoring are required and the lowest possible dosage of anticoagulation demands to be used.Balloon mitral valvuloplasty may non be an effectual option in patients with important commissural calcification.The pick of prosthetic device should be determined on an single footing, sing the presence of co-morbidities and other conducive factors like demand for anticoagulation.

The Topic In Pakistani Perspective Health And Social Care Essay

Zimmerman reveals that TB was at that place in the mas of the 3000 emeritus ages ago Egypt. Millet et al. , high-pitched spots that harmonizing to WHO estimates, in 2010 on that point were 8.8 million new instances of TB ( TB ) and 1.5 million deceases. As Terbium has been classically associated with poorness, overcrowding and malnutrition. Therefore, low income states and disadvantaged countries, within large metropoliss in developed states, present the highest Terbium incidences and TB fatality rate rates. On the other manus, diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, puting a significant load on health c ar services. Sullivan and Amor ( 2012 ) reveals that in recent old ages, strong grounds has been self-possessed to corroborate a nexus between TB and diabetes mellitus. In the first half of the twentieth century there were surveies that show the connector between the diabetes and TB. Harmonizing to Ruslami, Aarnoutse, Alisjahbana, Ven and Crevel ( 2010 ) t his association was neglected in the 2nd half of the twentieth century because of the coming of widely available treatment for both diseases. In the last decennaries, with the current planetal growing of diabetes, the nexus between TB and DM is re-emerging. That nexus had been pretend for centuries. Many surveies now show that diabetes may be associated with an change magnitude hazard of underdeveloped active TB. and that TB tolerants who besides have diabetes may hold higher rates of intervention failure and decease. Restrepo et Al. ( 2011 ) says that the part of diabetes to the load of TB may be more conspicuous in states where both diseases are extremely prevailing Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Russian Federation are high-burden states and rank among the 10 states with the highest Numberss of diabetes patients and besides classified as high-burden for TB. Pakistan is one of the 4 staying states with endemic infantile paralysis and the 6th hi ghest with load of TB.Search SchemePubMed, CINHYL information bases, Springer nexus, Google bookman, SAGE diaries are searched. The primal footings, go engines, retrieved day of the month, filters, hunt strings and consequences found are given up in the appendix A. The inclusion exclusion Criteria is discussed in the flow chart of appendix 2. Since the sight is related to the diabetes and TB, therefore the articles are chosen that discuss the relation of the two diseases and the clinical manifestation or the intervention modes of the patients.Aim of the surveyThis literature revaluation aimed to find the association between the Diabetes and TB and to research the aggravating factors which indicate hapless TB intervention and diabetes control which lead to hapless results in patient attention.The emerging issues in PakistanAli et Al. Z. ( 2011 ) argues that the extensively drug-resistant TB ( XDR-TB ) hasemerged as a major public wellness job worldwide. In add-on to this the mul tidrug-resistant ( MDR ) Mycobacterium TB strains are immune to at least the first-line anti-tuberculosis agents, Rifadin ( RIF ) and INH ( INH ) . says that Terbiumremains the 2nd prima cause of decease in the universe and the per centum of multidrug-resistant TB ( MDRTB resistant to at least INH and Rifadin ) among new TB instances seems to be stable at an estimated 3.4 % , at the same clip as 20 % of antecedently treated instances are MDR-TBSimultaneously Hakeem and Fawwad ( 2010 ) argues that the epidemiology and determiners of diabetes in Pakistan have peculiar combination of hazard factors. Strong cistron and environment interplay along with in-utero schedule in context of low birth weight and gestational diabetes are the chief subscribers of a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pakistan. The breathing load of diabetes is due to its chronic complications taking to increase morbidity and mortality. Viswanathan et al. , ( 2012 ) stress that about tierce of worldaaa?s popul ation is infected with Mycobacterium TB and about 10 % of them are at hazard of developing active signifier of the disease in their life-time depending upon the interaction of the epidemiological three 1,2 . Available studies bespeak that 95 % of patients with TB live in the low- and middle-income states and more than 70 % of patients with DM besides live in the same states, particularly in South eastside Asia.Importance of the Topic in Pakistani Perspectivesays that Pakistan ranks fifth among the states with highest load of TB in the universe and contributes to about 63 % of TB load in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Estimated prevalence and incidence of TB in Pakistan is 310/100 000 and231/100 000, severally. On the other manus the portions thatIt is estimated that in 2030, half of the 333 million mess populating with diabetes will be from Asia entirely. Pakistan is an Asiatic state surrounding the Arabian Sea with a population of over 176 million as estimated in July 2009 3 . The epidemic of diabetes is peculiarly germane(predicate) to Pakistan. Surveies from different parts of the state have estimated a prevalence of 6 % in work forces and 3.5 % in adult females populating in urban countries. In other survey Jayawardena et al. , ( 2012 ) reveals that diabetes is 9.3 % in males and 11.1 % in females prevalent in urban population of Pakistan whereas rural males are affected 10.1 % .BodyPeoples with a weak immune system, as a consequence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, are at a higher hazard of come oning from latent to active Terbiumsays that the ascendant manifestation of diabetes mellitus is hyperglycaemia which is responsible to prefer the growing, viability and extension of tubercle B. what is more, Sen et Al. ( 2009 ) it was thought that the attendant addition in dextrose in the tissues resulted in reduced ohmic resistance to infection in situ and besides in impaired fix capacity. Predilection to infection was besides attributed to l ocal tissue acidosis and instability of electrolytes. In add-on to this, Geerlings and Hoepelman ( 1999 ) proposed that neutrophils from people with diabetes had reduced chemotaxis and oxidative killing come-at-able than those of non-diabetic controls, and besides the leukocyte bactericidal activity was reduced in people with diabetes, particularly those with hapless glucose control. Sen et Al. ( 2009 ) says that another cause of increased susceptibleness is due to reduced production of interleukin-1 beta, and tumour mortification factor by the peripheral blood monocytes in patients with TB and co-existent diabetesmellitus. Hussain and Hussain says that the likely cause of increased incidence of pneumonic TB in diabetics could be due to desert in host defences and immune cell maps, with predominately engagement of cell mediated immune response. In diabetics, infection with tubercle B leads to farther change in cytokines, monocyte aa macrophages and CD4/CD8 T cell populations. The balance of T lymphocyte bomber sets CD4 and CD8 plays a cardinal function in the transition of host defense mechanism against mycobacterium and has a profound influence on the rate of arrested development of active pneumonic Terbium. Because of these all says that due to these all factors taken together, these surveies strongly back up the hypothesis that DM straight impairs the innate and adaptative immune responses necessary to sideboard the proliferation of TB.Medicinesdone a survey and identifies that the patients of the TB and diabetes have the issues of nonadherence, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, inauspicious drug reactions and single patientaaa?s medicine related jobs. On of the possible grounds of the hapless gulucose control is discussed by Ruslami, Aarnoutse, Alisjahbana, Ven and Crevel ( 2010 ) and says that the Plasma degrees of several antidiabetic drugs are significantly lower when co-administered with rifampicin. Campbell et Al. ( 2001 ) says that rifampicin is on e of the most powerful and wide spectrum antibiotics against bacterial pathogens and is a cardinal constituent of anti-TB therapy.Patients of diabetes and TB have a higher hazard of decease and intervention backslidingIt is highlighted from the surveies that diabetic patient with TB have the poorer intervention results and, have the higher hazard of decease among these patients. Sullivan and Amor ( 2012 ) study that sputum civilizations at the completion of 6 months of TB intervention were 22.2 % positive in the diabetic patients and 6.9 % of those without diabetes. Furthermore it is revealed that the comparative hazard of decease of 1.89 among TB patients with diabetes when compared to non-diabetic patients. Restrepo et al. , ( 2011 ) says that the nexus between these two diseases may go even more meaningful in coming old ages, as the prevalence of fleshiness and diabetes are expected to lift dramatically in the resource-poor countries where TB thrives. research that diabetes incre ases the hazard of failure, decease and backsliding among patients with TB. Furthermore suggests that there is a demand for increased attending to intervention of TB in people with diabetes. to a greater extent over to better the quality of attention among the TB patients proving for suspected diabetes, improved glucose control, and increased clinical and curative monitoring.Principles of Management of Co-existent Tuberculosis & A Diabetes and ProphylaxisNiazi and Kalra ( 2012 ) . Proper guidance is critical sing disease class of patients with co-existing DM & A TB.Patients with terrible DM along with TB should be started on insulin therapy & A one time stabilized, shifted to unwritten hypoglycaemic agents ( OHA ) . Mild Diabetes needs merely OHA.active & A good chemotherapy is indispensable. Adverse effects of drugs need close monitoring.Isoniazid ( INH ) demands particular attending with compulsory disposal of vitamin B6( vitamin B6 ) . Patients with co-existant disease may l earn drawn-out intervention, depending on diabetes control & A intervention response.The Amercian thoracic society recommended in 1986, 22that diabetics, peculiarly ill controlled Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ( IDDM ) patients, should be given INH prophylaxis. Role of primary chemoprophylaxis and secondary prophylaxis in our community needs to be discussed. Corris, Unwin and Critchley ( 2012 ) .Stevenson, C. , Stevenson, A. R. , Critchey, J. A. , Forouhi, N. , Roglic, G. , Williams, B. G. , et Al. ( 2007 ) .DecisionWith increasing rates of fleshiness and diabetes worldwide and continued high rates of TB in low-income states, we can anticipate that the figure of persons who have both TB and diabetes mellitus will increase markedly in the coming decennaries. More research in this mostly ignored country would hence be good. The nexus between TB ( TB ) and diabetes mellitus ( DM ) has occupied the centre degree of treatment. Experts have raised concern about the unifying epidem ics of TB and diabetes peculiarly in the low to medium income states like India and China that have the highest load of TB in the universe, and are sing the fastest addition in the prevalence of DM. There is good grounds that DM makes a significant part to TB incidence. The immense prevalence of DM in India, may be lending to the increasing prevalence of TB. This reappraisal looks at the nexus betweenthese two merging epidemics. We discuss the epidemiology, clinical characteristics,microbiology and radiology, and direction and intervention results of patients withTB and diabetes mellitus.

Overview of the Annual Report and Form 10k and the Balance Sheet Essay

I should be able to find out your answer and see what the numerical retain is without looking at your tables. For all problem sets, please show tables and calculations with each answer (unsupported answers will be marked wrong), not in separate tables. I should be able to look at your tables or calculations and see what the answer should be without actually reading it. And I should be able to read and understand your interpretation of a table without having to look at it. Clearly show and label any and all calculations. Your output should look professional. 1.Corporate Message What does coca plant Colas 2012 Annual Review tell you about the message the company wants to convey to its readers? Point out examples to support your discussion. 2. Describe the three types of coca Colas bottling relationships. Name the significant companies that are accounted for by the uprightness method. Does Coca Cola have a controlling interest in these companies? beg off and demonstrate why or why not? What would the companys balance sheet look like if Coke were to account for its publicly traded equity method investments at fair value rather than using the equity method? . Except for Property, plant, and equipment, what was Coca Colas largest single summation (not asset category) at 12/31/2012? How does it compare to 2011? why do you think it increased? What was its relative impact on the change in full(a) assets? Which comp cardinalnt of Coca Colas balance sheet is the primary factor causing the companys change in total assets from celestial latitude 31, 2011 to December 31, 2012? How much did this factor change by relative to (i. e. , as a percentage of) the change in total assets? 4.Income Tax Is Coca Colas effective (i. e. , average) tax rate more or less than the U. S. federal (statutory) rate? What is the primary reason(s) that it was more/less in 2012? 5. Look at Cokes 10K. For 2012, is the amount of dividends declared equal to the amount of dividends paid? What ar e these amounts? Where did you find them? Did dividends declared increase, decrease, or remain the same per share and in total, compared to 2011? 6. Prepare a 2011 and 2012 common sizing balance sheet for Coke. Comment on differences surrounded by the two.A common size balance sheet is one for which each item in the balance sheet is divided by total assets. Download Pepsis 2012 10-K from Pepsico. com 7. Using the information in Pepsis 2012 10-K, conduct the companys a. Total market value for 2012 and 2011. b. Book value to common shareholders for 2012 and 2011 (Hint Pepsi does not have dividends in arrears on their preferred shares. Use Pepsis call price located in the footnotes for the preferred stock claim. Just subtract the total preferred stock call price amount from total stockholders equity. c. Market to book value ratios for 2012 and 2011. d. How do the above ratios for Pepsi compare to those of Coca Cola for the same two years? How do you interpret any differences? 8. ci te a common size balance sheet for Pepsi for 2012 (round your percentages to 1 decimal place i. e. , the same as 0. xxx ) Examine the two companies common size balance sheets. What do you notice about a. Cash and cash equivalents b. Net receivables c. Current liabilities d. Long term debt What do you think any significant differences between these ratios might mean?Do you notice any other significant differences between Coke and Pepsi? 9. Working roof Working capital equals total authentic assets minus total current liabilities. How much working capital does Pepsi have at 12/31/2012 and 12/31/2011? How much working capital does Coca Cola have at 12/31/2012 and 12/31/2011? Can you directly compare the two companies working capital? Why or why not? If not, how could you make them comparable? Are the two companies experiencing similar changes in working capital?

Criminal Behavior: the Negative Attribution of Societal Nurturing

Running head SOCIAL CONTROL, STRAIN, SOCIAL LEARNING, AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Criminal Behavior The Negative ascription of Societal Nurturing Criminal Behavior The Negative Attribution of Societal Nurturing Imagine someone telling you that you are the product of your milieu, what does that incriminate? Imagine a girl who has decided to pursue a career as a stripper. on the whole of her friends are strippers and the new people she meets are those she has met while stripping. Would it be lax for her to quit that job?What would happen if she moved away and was surrounded by well-educated individuals? Individuals who gave her strong friendly support and a good positive influence. What roughly the youth living in a deprived neighborhood, surrounded by sm only hopes and dreams for the future and low supervision? Is it possible that they become comely identical everyone else in their community? Let us compare an individual who lives in a dis organise community with an individual in a more organized and structured community, which one is more likely to develop evil and delinquent behaviors?The purpose of this study is to investigate the measurable affirmation of culpable behavior bring to a selective demographic based on three theories affable control theory, genial learning theory, and falsify theory. The idea in which the purlieu is the circumstance within which all friendly relations occur has been brought to our attention by Lewin (1943) and can be used to make concept of a major portion in ontogeny criminal and delinquent behaviors.Lewin proposed that the fundamental principle of social psychology interrogation is that human behavior is a function of not lone(prenominal) the person, but of the environment as well (Opotow & Gieseking, 2011). A large body of research has been done regarding the human behavior as a function of their conduct space and the persons environment, such as neighborhoods, schools, work, and their friendships. Lewin stat es that particular places can serve as contact zones (Opotow & Gieseking, 2011) and support genuine kinds of interaction.These contact zones are make between people and the physical characteristics of the built and natural world they live in (Opotow & Gieseking, 2011). kind control theory, strain theory, and social learning theory were all proposed by a variety of researchers strongly supporting the link between environment and the development of criminal minds. The theories supported are thought of as individual-level processes (Hoffman, 2003).The social control theory, for example, is the thought that community disorganization lessens bonding mechanisms by making parental supervision and interpersonal attachments more vague (Hoffman, 2003 Elliot et al. , 1997 Shaw & McKay, 1931). With community disorganization comes puny to no control. The community is usually distinguished by residential instability and a senior high school ratio of broken families as well as atomic number 5 3 parents reducing the likelihood of efficient socialization and supervision of the youth.A research study was conducted by Baskin & Sommers (2011) to determine whether placement instability played a role in developing delinquent/criminal behavior results indicated that the children with more instability were more likely to be arrested and have a bun in the oven a criminal record. Community disorganization reduces social support structure and weakens an pregnant source of conformed bonding and success in socialization effective parenting.Empirical research has sustained the idea that the influence of social bonds differs in each cause of community and disorganized communities have a negative effect on the competence of social bonds to greatly reduce delinquent behavior. A lot of this is seen in our own communities and the communities surrounding us. It is all about where the person lives, where he goes to school, and whom he chooses to hang out with.The initial development of the strain theory was developed by Merton (1968) where he proposed that opportunity structures greatly affect the ability to grasp common cultural goals, such as the pursuit for monetary come across (Hoffman, 2003). The individual-level component of the strain theory is basically the strain of striving to reach goals within various forms of opportunity structures that could lead to adjustments such as deviant behaviors, immorality, and horizontal crime.With the assumption that opportunity structures differ in each community, it is safe to say that the effects of strains caused by the disunity between goals and means on deviant behavior bequeath differ in every community (Hoffman, 2003). In other words, the strained youth in disorganized communities have a more true to life(predicate) present of their situation, so criminal adaptions become more likely. Agnew (1992) elaborated this theory to form a concept by broadening the notion of strain with adding a variety of sources, such a s families, schools, and cognitive skills (Hoffman, 2003).Agnew assumes that the deprived communities are more likely to have strained youths and that these communities forget suffer from more blocked or strained opportunity structures (Hoffman, 2003 Agnew, 1999). What is meant by Agnews new definition of this strain theory is that these communities develop an atmosphere that is based on anger and frustration this could mean a greater chance of going with the flow to maybe prove themselves as tough guys to other communities.The social learning theory or derived function association proposes that criminal associations and favoring conflict differ within each community type it is this differentiation that explains the distribution of crime rates (Hoffman, 2003 Cressey, 1960 Reinarman & Fagan, 1988). Individuals embedded within certain communities are either exposed to or opposed to criminal behavior. Akers (1998) sees the sources in these divergencys The less solidarity, cohesion, or integration there is within a chemical sort the higher(prenominal) go forth be the rate of crime and deviance (Hoffman, 2003).In other words, social structural influences on criminal behaviors are fully reconciled by social learning processes. Many researchers stress that the DSM-IV diagnosis applied to criminals completely misses the mark and the idea of their environment is not enough (Stuart, 2004). Some researchers believe that sociological and environmental theories do not allow in the important concept of individual choice Crime resides within the person, not the environment (Stuart, 2004). Other research, however, supports the importance of living in a good environment to prevent the development of a criminal mind.Although some researchers may suggest the treatment should be to focus on ever-changing the patterns of thinking of criminals and to hold them accountable for every violation of moral thoughts, other researchers now believe that these efforts are slightly mis directed (Hoffman, 2003 Stuart, 2004, Baskin & Sommers, 2011). Other research suggests that even with punishment one can only discourage the criminal act to a greater or lesser degree, restrain the secret manifestation of a criminal urge, but the punishment ill not reconstruct the criminal mind, or avert its development in the individual (The journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1928). The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (1928) proposes that the criminal mind is not different from that of the sane mind. Of course, many another(prenominal) individuals do deviate themselves from the strain of their environment and negative influences patently because of their own personal values and the bequeath to want to better themselves and their way of living. The proposed study volition judge the moderating effects of the environment on developing criminal behaviors based on where the individuals grew up/came from.The study is based on the social control, strain, and social learning theories. There have been very few studies that examine the impact of these theories and their consequences on the general individual-level processes that affect the persons adaptions to an environment exposed or opposed to possible criminal behaviors. Furthermore, by analyse these theories, this study might be able to determine which variables, if not all, indicate the development of criminal minds and delinquent behaviors.It is expected that participants will display more criminal and delinquent behaviors in the more strained and disorganized communities. Some participants will be from a more deprived area of town they are considered to be part of a disorganized as well as strained community. Others will be from an average to more up scaled living environment they are part of a more organized community who are influenced by everyone around them to want to have a better living. Each group of participants is expected to react to the way of their environment to adapt to the ir way of living.However, in general, participants in a more disorganized and strained community will suffer from more blocked opportunity structures, poor supervision, negative bonding mechanisms, and poor residential stability because despite having personal choices, an individual is always a product of his environment. Method Participants There will be approximately 850 participants in the proposed study that will serve as a representative judge of ninth grade students from U. S. high schools. Participants will be selected from the National Center of Education Statistics (NCES).In exchange for their participation, participants will be given a raffle ticket for a chance to win a variety of small prizes. Design The proposed study will be using the longitudinal method. The independent variables will be the type of community the participants live in (organized/disorganized), their friendships, monetary strain, blocked opportunity structures, and parental supervision. The dependent variable will be their acquired behaviors, which will be examined (according to the variation of delinquency theories), by the data drawn from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS).The NELS is a longitudinal study designed to explore the impact of families and schools on a variety of educational, vocational, and behavioral outcomes (Howard, 2003). The friendship variable will be used to examine the learning theory, the stress for monetary gain and blocked opportunity structures will be used to examine the strain theory, and parental supervision will be used to examine the social control theory. Procedure The representative try for this study will be drawn by NELS.This sample will then be interviewed. At the beginning of the interview, the parents of the participants as well as the participants themselves will be specifically informed that all private information will be strictly confidential and will be used for research purposes only. The parents will then be given a n informed consent to read through. As the participants from the subsample come in for the interview, they will be asked a variety of questions regarding delinquent behavior. All of this data will then be entered in NCES.The NELS data will then be used to examine the community characteristics that condition the impact of apt(p) variables on deviant behaviors in the modern lives of these adolescents. Data from NCES will match their residential addresses to census identifiers. Census tracts are used to examine the impact of neighborhoods on various outcomes. The participants will then be interviewed during their senior year in high school. Again, asking them a large sum of questions regarding deviant behaviors. The same data will then be entered in NCES and NELS to retouch the previous information.The issue being utilized in this study is the individuals environment on his behavior based on a long period of time. The questions asked by examiners will pertain to their relationship wit h their parents, their thoughts on fighting and violence, cultural goals for monetary gain, and so on. Measures As mentioned before, the friendship variable will be used to examine the learning theory the stress for monetary gain will examine the strain theory and parental supervision will be used to examine the social control theory. Conventional definition (Howard, 2003).A conventional definition will be constructed from a toughened of ten questions that will ask participants whether it is acceptable to engage in deviant behaviors such as having a gun, being affiliated with a gang, fighting, vandalism, selling drugs, using drugs, and stealing. A sample question includes Do you believe it is acceptable to join a gang? . Response set ranges from one (often acceptable) to tetrad (never acceptable). The Strain Theory. Questions that examine the strain theory will be based on cultural goals for monetary gain and blocked opportunity structures How important is bullion to you? Do you have a high or low chance of graduating from high school? What are the chances of you joining a gang if you knew you would get split up of money? . The responses will be based on coding 1 if money is very important, 0 not being important 1 if high chance of graduating, 0 if low, and so on. The Learning Theory. The learning theory will be assessed by asking four questions about their friendships. Sample questions include Do you feel pressured to be involved in everything your friends are in? and Have you ver been influenced by a friend to engage in deviant behaviors? . Response set ranges from one (always) to four (never). The Social Control Theory. This theory will be examined by parental supervision. The respondents parents will be asked a broad(a) of ten questions, with answer choices ranging from one (disagree completely) to four (agree completely). Sample questions include Do you believe it is important to know your childs friends? and Do you believe it is important to kno w how your child spends his money? .Upon completion of each interview the respondents will be debriefed and given their raffle ticket for a chance to win a variety of small prizes. Discussion It is expected that participants will display more criminal and delinquent behaviors in the more strained and disorganized communities. Each group of participants is expected to react to the way of their environment to adapt to their way of living. If the hypothesis is supported, then each group of participants would adapt to their way of living as a reaction to their environment.Significant findings resulting from the proposed study can be used in better understanding the role of the environment on the development of human behavior. If social control theory, learning theory, and strain theory are found to magnify the chance of developing criminal and deviant behaviors, this understanding could be applied to many different research studies and therapeutic training. Some research has already de monstrated that identifying an individuals environmental background is quite important in understanding his criminal acts.In the psychological domain, recognizing the existing influences of each theory might be helpful in raising parental sentiency of the importance of bonding mechanisms (supervision and interpersonal attachment) as well as childrens awareness of handling certain opportunity structures (cultural goals) and teaching the importance of maintaining strong values, raising societys awareness of the importance of community organization, and implementing counseling programs.If people are made aware of the negative as well as positive effects of their environment on the development of their behavior, they might be more persuaded to maintain or develop strong values, develop cultural goals, and have a more positive realistic picture of their future, especially if they are living in a strained community. If the hypothesis is not supported, then there will be no difference bet ween the influence of strained/disorganized communities and organized communities on the development of criminal and delinquent behaviors.Matching the social control, learning, and strain theories to each group of participants environment would have no effect in determining the possible implicit development of criminal behaviors. In this case, the type of environment (organized or disorganized community) would not unblock the consequences on the general individual-level processes that affects the persons adaptions to the community exposed or opposed to possible criminal behaviors.Therefore, there would be no case to elicit the awareness of parents, children, and society of the importance of strong values and cultural goals when it comes to preventing the negative influences of the community on behavior. Whether or not the message raises awareness, people would just continue going with the flow. Unexpected factors that can occur during this longitudinal research study, which may s kew the outcome, may include the unexpected death of some(prenominal) participants (i. . illness, accident, gang violence), or if a participant moves to a different country. A potential limitation of this study is that it does not involve clinical assessments, which can include family history and background to determine the presence of abnormal disorders (mood disorders, personality disorders). Being aware of the presence of abnormal disorders is an important factor in determining the preponderance and etiology of criminal behavior.As a result, assessing the environment would not be sufficient to determine the risk of becoming a criminal. Also, longitudinal studies of a large sample of the population require a large number of researchers and access to certain legal databases (depending on the study), which takes time and a considerable amount of money. Future research could investigate other factors that might have an influence on the development of criminal behavior (i. e. race, g ender, psychological and biological vulnerabilities, and individual choices).It is possible that sufficient defense to support the influences of these theories (control, learning, and strain) could also be accompanied by or perceived as different depending on these factors, such that psychological vulnerabilities (cognitive development), which can be caused by abuse, in any type of environment could influence the development of such behaviors as well. Some researchers believe that crime does not reside in the environment and others say that the idea of their environment alone is not enough.Future research should be done to investigate the measurable affirmation of criminal behavior contributing to a selective demographic based on psychological, biological, and sociological vulnerabilities. Further investigation of the underlying causes of the development of criminal behavior is important not only to raise awareness, but to benefit our justice system as well as to contribute to the developing realm of research in psychology and criminology. References Hoffmann, John P. (2003). A contextual analysis of differential association, social control, and train theories of delinquency. Social Forces, 81, 753-785. Baskin, Deborah R. Sommers, Ira (2011). Child maltreatment, placement strategies, and delinquency. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 36, 106-119. Opotow, Susan Gieseking, Jen (2011). Foreground and background environment as site and social issue. Journal of Social Issues, 67, 179-196. Stuart, Bryan (2004). Inside the criminal mind. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 32, 547-549. No authorship indicated (1928). The problem of the mind. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 23, 1-3.

Bcom/230 Memo Review

Memorandums are a versatile form of business communication. They can range from inform, such as the University of genus Phoenix Material Accounting Memo, to the formal which would be the reply memo that would be sent to the Vice President. The degree of their formality can vary widely, so in writing the reply the transmitter much pay close attention to various types of development he/she should omit/include, the type of jargon used, and any authority repercussions in failing to know his/her audience. Corrections.There are various corrections that need to be made throughout the memorandum. To include the following in the Heading To Mr. /Mrs. Smith, V. P. From Andrew Jones (He would in any case include his initials) Department Accounting (Being his senior officer the Vice President may not know who Andrew Jones is) CC Joe Accountant (Include the the partner he was running(a) on the project with) Date January 28, 2013 The Subject military control would also not be included in the heading, but several spaces down from the heading.Where the original sender included a greeting of TEAM-MATE should be omitted because it is unnecessary and out of place. This is the type of greeting that should be included in an email or letter. This is where the subject line should be included. To read Subject Last In/First Out Vs. First in/First Out Inventory Review Jargon. The sender inescapably to be careful of his/her use of accounting specific terms such as LIFO, FIFO, COGS, and P&L Statements because they are everyday terms used by accountant, this can create confusion if the recipient does not know the term.An easy solution would be to define the word or spell it the first magazine then proceed with acronyms proceeding. Repercussions. The repercussions that a person may face when failing to know ones audience is that you run the risk of writing the wrong type of contentedness formal when informal should be used, or informal when formal should be used. This could lead from something as little as embarrassment to reprimand.Other possible scenarios are that your essence is misunderstood and not convey because your audience did not understand the meaning of what you were saying. Conclusion. Memos can be a simple message to another co-worker, or a formal message to the Vice President of the company, but as long as you know how to address your audience, be careful of the word choice, and know what information is important for your audience you should be able to write a clear, concise memorandum.

Adolescent and Predictable and Unpredictable Elenents of This Transition and Associated Life-Stage Essay

Abdallah. Ayda Critical Reflection Es record foundation Within the con textual matter of c be for there has been a signifi peckt change in nursing in the last two decades, where nursing and medical knowledge has led to changes where forbearings can no longer detain in hospital and reduction in hospital beds. Professionals who are employed in the healthcare assiduity are dealing with acutely ill patients who are in more read of care (usher et al 2009). As master copys we must discover the nature that is offered to us by responding and using reflective minds to enhance the meaning(a) aspects in society (Lauder et al 2004). And qualified give sucks, acknowledge and understanding is essential for their recital to remain authentic, invariable improvement in reflecting on our thoughts, and what we do becomes Habitual to our practice (usher et al 2008). It is a necessity for nurses to practise critical think backing as it helps gather relevant in put to workation to assist pr actitioners in examining assumptions and identify relationships and patterns (Parker & Clare 2000). We get down this chapter by exploring the concept of critical chiding and why it is significant for a nurse, as well as provide an over view of the related legislation that requires the use of reflective thinking in practice by registered nurses, the next section addresses the Gibbs Cycle of what, why and overview of definitions of reflection.Nurses are becoming more aware of the need to utilize and improve their practice, as well as consider the political, social structure issues affecting it. (Taylor 2000). As changes are occurring with the nursing context it is essential for nurses to analyze and respond to different challenges. Initiatively, reflection is the foundation of organizing serious situations when faced, it also is easily understood, if any problem aroused in the work place (usher et al 2008). washbowl (1998), explains the description of reflection of when being fac ed with contradictions allows practitioners to assess, think critically and reflect on their practice. In adjunct reflection is a process which allows existence in acknowledge in the way nursing theory, for object lesson can. Reflection is cognitive in relation to changes of things we do which is not a technique or curriculum element.See moreFirst Poem for You EssayReflective practice enables practitioners to learn from their experiences and what they do, how they do it, what they say in relation to their homeand work, in the significant of others and wider society and culture. Nurses who engage in some(prenominal) form of activity are set out by regulatory authorities indicate an adoption with the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, (ANMC). Competency standards for registered nurses (2005), in the early 1990s Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, (ANMC) had first adopted the national dexterity standards for registered nurses. Establishment of the organization was in 1992, to develop a national advent to nursing and Midwifery regulation. To ensure and deliver safe competent care, the (ANMC) worked together with the state and territory nursing and midwifery authorities (NMRAS) to produce national standard.In relation, to the AHPRAS Scheme, which came into effect of 1st of July, 2010, the operations are governed by the health and practitioner regulation national law Act, 2009 (QLD) and each state and territory. In admittance with the national scheme, responsibility was taken over for the regulation of nurses and midwifes in Australia, and taken ownership of the national competency standard for registered nurses. The minimum care standards for a nurse in Australia are the 4 domains provisions and coordination of care, professional practice, critical thinking and analysis, collaborative and therapeutic practice. The domains of reflections which also include self-appraisal reflecting on ones own practices by ol accompanimentory perception and bel iefs and professional development. The domains have all been set out for the nurse to reflect on practice, reflectively and ethically (Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008a, 2006). Reflections a verb which means to reflect on one thought (Hancock 1999). This might refuse what one thinks and memories in a cognitive act such as overviewing identifying error. (Taylor 2000). Reflection is an activity in the guidance of an action before it happens. (Francis 1995). Rolfe et al (2001), argue that knowledge for practice that does not come from text books or lectures. In addition they call it scientific knowledge that practitioners pick up from everyday knowledge, reflection is the process of theorizing about that knowledge. In consideration, of the reflective views of recognizing strengths and weaknesses and my education enables me to make positive changes to my future practice by using Gibbs Cycle model.Gibbs Reflective Cycle Gibbs model begins with asking what happened. What w as your feeling? This allows me to think what accured at the measure of event. What was my role in the situation? What was I trying to achieve and what action to take? What was the response of others and what they thought?We move from the second decimal point of Gibbs Cycle. What does this tell me about my patients? What is the model is model of care I am using? How is my attitude towards the patient? What should I have done to make this better?Final stage of Gibbs model. What do I need to do to make things better? Question myself about improving patient care widen my knowledge to improve patient care. Conclusion During my research I began to acknowledge the fact that critical reflection is essential in nursing to enable to look back words on errors made in the work place. Gibbs Cycle is the tool in reflecting back on thoughts and actions accomplished by nurses. If we look back on what we do and how we do it, high care of patient care can be monitored easily without causi ng harm in the work place. (ANMC) embraces all nurses and practitionersto engage in some type of activity to enhance reflective thinking as it helps in gathering relevant and current information as it is part of the legislation. I feel it has come to my mind that critical reflection it is an important tool on reflecting ones thoughts. Perception of my role Critical reflection has knowledge me to look backwards and think of things we do. It has changed my perception of nursing as my knowledge expanded enormously towards my role as a nurse since commencing my university degree. I feel I have a responsibility as a nurse to exist the nursing and midwifery council scheme to remain current.

Community Based Ecotourism Project in Ghana

Course Name Student name Assessment No module Level Module Tutor Cristina, Selam and Sofia 1 of 2 5 Birte Schmitz Module Principles of Tourism Planning Assessment Method weight Date of submission and Development Group Executive Summary and 50% (25% executive summary and As per AR1 Presentation 25% presentation) Length 20 minutes for the presentation 2000 words plus tables and charts (10-12 pages executive summary) attainment outcomes assessed Assess the imp serves of touristry planning. Assess the limitations of tourism planning. Identify the various stages of the planning process Skills Mapped Group functional Research Strategy Creative & innovative thinking Feedback Assessment Criteria Weight Strength Areas of Improvement % exile a stakeholder analysis 30 discuss how your proposed product whitethorn positively & negatively affect their lives inside the country. How might any negative impacts be minimised? Highlight the po sitive and negative 30 socio-cultural, environmental and economic impacts of developing your product. Work effectively as digress of a team. 10 Hand in a well written executive summary, which is 10 spell checked, referenced within the text, has a biography and does not include poor grammar. Marks impart be deducted otherwise. Self Presentation please see transcend in guidelines. 20 Marks exit be deducted for poor report format, spelling & grammar, lack of in-text referencing and incorrectly formatted bibliography Deductions Late Submission Deductions No Front Sheet Total mark out of 100% cognitive content to ratification at the validating University Subject Board Community- found Ecotourism Project in Deme resolution in gold coast pic Cristina Aldea, Selam Misghina and Sofia Whyte Summary This report analyses the phylogenesis plan of a corporation of fires-based tourism product of a village in gold c oast. It provides a brief description of the chosen site mid and long term development plans and impacts.It overly conducts a stakeholders analysis and highlights strategies to condition sustainability, cooperation with local governing body and indicates how notification effects may be minimised. List of contents 1. Introduction.. pg. 3 2. Mid and long term development plans pg. 6 1. tabularize Mid term development plans.. pg. 6 2. 2 board Long term development plans. pg. 7 3. Impacts pg. 7 4. assume approach to sustainable tourism product pg. 8 5. Strategies to procure sustainability pg. 9 1. Table Highlighted strategies.. . pg. 10 6. Stakeholder analysis. pg. 10 7. Strategies to ensure cooperation with the local administration. pg. 1 1. Human Resources in tourism development. pg. 12 2. Education and training.. pg. 12 8. Avoiding demonstration effects. pg. 13 9. Conclusion.. .. pg. 14 Bibliography.. pg. 15 1. Introduction gold coast is a country in West Africa with a popul ation of 21 million pile, and often labelled Africa for beginners, home to a summate of diverse passel and horticultures, whole finding ways to live together in a rapidly developing and modernizing country. (Lonely Planet). Fig. 1 Map of Ghana pic Source AddictedtoTravel, 2009 Volta do principal(prenominal) is situated in the East part of Ghana.Highlights of this region be the massive unreal Volta Lake, the largest in the world and the tallest mountain in West Africa, Mount Afadjato (885m). (Addictedto croak, 2009). The Hohoe (ho-we) District is one of the 17 districts of Volta Region in Ghana and was created in 1979 and the major ethnic groups here are Ewes, Akpafu/Lolobi, Santrokofi, Likpe, Logba, Tafi and Nyagbo, with a population of well-nigh 144,500, in 2000. The total number of ho drillholds in the Hohoe stands at 32844, with 7172 living in the urban sphere of influence whiles the domiciliate of 25672 live in the rural area. (Ministry of Local Government and Rural D evelopment, Ghana and Maks Publications & Media Services, 2006). Fig. 2 Hohoe in Ghana picSource Hebert, 2009. Deme village is the chosen site for the development of this confederacy-based tourism project and is located in Hohoe District. The area is surrounded by tropical forest, home for different amazing species of monkeys, exotic birds, bucks and buffalos. The wonderful diversity of character is not the main attraction here, the historical heritage and vibrant cultural identity is instead. E rattling course in November there is the celebration of the Gbidokor Festival of the Gbi-Ewes, where chiefs of the two commonwealths, the Gbi and the Ewe, wearing traditional colourful costumes are carried in palanquins, surrounded by drumming and dances of the local people.The population of this village is part of Ewe ethnic group, and the majority of people speak Ewe language, and the majority of the youngsters speaking English as well. (Ghana Tourism Board, 2008). Fig 3 Deme village in Hohoe, Ghana pic Source fallingrain. com, 2009 This project seeks to attend the people of Deme village to generate income from tourism in fiat to alleviate the poverty level of their community, to provide basic facilities for living conditions, to educate and encourage the locals to asseverate the immanent resources and endangered animal species and to promote the unique culture and traditions of the Ewe tribe that most of the locals belong to.The current tourism provision in Deme village is inexistent, but the tourism statistics of the Hohoe area show that an increasing number of visitors are becoming enkindleed in the natural and cultural beauty of this district. Touristy attractions that are close to Deme, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Tafi-Atome Monkey Sanctuary and Mole National Park registered a number of approximately 97,129 arrivals in 2007. (Ghana Tourism Board, 2009). 1. Mid and long term development plans The nous of this community-based ecotourism project is to create a habitation where tourists deal experience real rural African village life by staying in the village itself and taking part in its daily activities and traditions. Table 2. 1 Mid term development plans (2010-2015) Introducing the idea of developing eco-tourism to the local people. Educating local people to come in contact with tourists, to take pride in their culture and traditions, even though the economic resources are limited. Come in contact with the local government and try to obtain funding and their involvement. Building an eco-lodge to accommodate tourists (10 basic huts), toilets, a small feeding ship electricity facilities, clean drinking water and first aid care are also priorities. Organising volunteering placements programmes for people who would like to get convoluted in this project (such as students, teachers). Creating a community fund and come up awareness of the programme in order to obtain sponsorships (from charity foundations, Ghana Touris m Board). Come in contact with niche travel agents and the Regional and National Tourism Boards in order to promote the tourism product, such as Jolinaiko Eco Tours and Ghana Tourism Board. Create community experiences that tourists can take part when visit the village (ex. search with the locals, learning how to weave a mat or a basket, learn the spring moves of the Ewe tribe, meeting the storyteller of the village, etc. ). (Jolinaiko Eco Tours, 2009). Table 2. 2 Long term development plans (2015-2020) Maintain the tourism product authentic and sustainable and try to minimise the negative impacts, if these occur. Introduce other community experiences, such as excursions. Building a community plaza and a school in the village. 2. Impacts Tourism, as a form of human action at law, takes place in an environment, which is made up of both human and natural factors, and can have major impacts. Impacts can be positive or/and negative, and are usually referred as economic, envi ronmental and socio-cultural. (Mason, 2003). The development of the community-based ecotourism project of Deme village can trigger a series of impacts. Economic impacts include decoct the poverty level of the community through generating jobs for the locals (also avoid money leakage). Contribution to the community development. Over-dependence on tourism.Socio-cultural impacts, harmonize Burns and Holden (1995, cited in Mason, 2003), are greatest when there is a large contrast between the culture of the receiving society and the origin culture, and these are Preserve the traditional cultural activities of the Ewe tribe and the unique life style Educating the local people (regarding taking pride in teaching their culture and traditions and act as hosts to visitors the income clear by the locals through tourism is engrossd to send their children to school) Avoid migration of the local youngsters in order to preserve the unique culture and customs and transmit it from generati on to generation (through generating jobs and a higher quality of life) Overcrowding (ca victimisation striving for both visitors and locals) manifestation effects (behavioural changes of the local people through observing the behaviour of the tourists and wanting to abide by it). Environmental impacts include Educate the locals to act in consideration with preserving the natural environment and the endangered species of animals taint (air pollution, solid waste, litter, noise) Damage or/and disturbance of wildlife habitats Over-fishing (community experiences include fishing with the locals in the Volta Lake) Footpath erosionIn order to reduce some of the negative impacts listed above, the tourism product contains to be sustainable developed. (Mason, 2003). 4. Model approach to sustainable tourism product The sustainable development strategy is defined by Brundtland (WCED 1987 p. 49 cited in Hall, 2008) as sustainable development is development that meets the needs of th e present without compromising the ability of futurity generations to meet their own needs. The ecotourism project of Deme has been planned having sustainability and minimizing the possibly negative impacts as the main concern. It is bouncy for this poor community that tourism activity is planned sustainable.The development plan was made following the community approach of Murphy (1985, cited in Hall, 2008), who promotes the use of an ecological approach to tourism planning that emphasised the need for local control over the development process. So, the local people are at the centre of this small scale tourism project, which directly benefit from it, and the environment give be slightly special and preserved. There will be a small number of tourists visiting that will be accommodated in 10 basic clay-made huts, an eating place serving traditional food (fish, cassava and mango dishes, using local products). Tourists can come in contact with unique experiences that involve the lo cals learning how to weave a basket or a mat out of reed, learning the Ewe tribe dancing moves, go fishing with a local fisherman, and enjoy a meal with a local family.This approach will ensure that both the tourists and the locals gain a high level of satisfaction, poverty is eradicated and tourism in Deme is sustainable. (Hall, 2008). 5. Strategies to ensure sustainability To ensure sustainability there must be strategies because sustainability in tourism development is really consequenceant. Sustainability strategy has to connect with all stakeholders in the tourism planning so the developed tourism can have a future. The sustainable development has to guarantee that the natural, cultural and all other resources of tourism are preserved for stable use in the future, at the same time as bringing benefits to the local community. (Inskeep, 1994). Table 5. 1 Highlighted strategies pen energy by reduce emission through renewable energy sources. come along efficient use of natural a nd local resources. Support the sustainable use of land. Protect and develop biodiversity. Constantly informing the visitors. Encourage environmental education and community involvement 6. Stakeholders analysis According to Hall (2008), stakeholders are individuals, groups or/and organisations with an interest on an issue, problem or outcome that are directly influenced or affected by the actions or non-actions taken by others to resolve the problem or issue. Stakeholders in Deme are people with an interest and directly involved in the tourism activity of the village.They are the local community (fishermen, the boat solvers, the eating place owner, the traditional ewe-an crafts vendors, the local tourist guides, the youngsters of the village), Ghana Tourism Board, the local and national government and the travel agent that will market the tourism product and will make the bookings. The local community is the main stakeholder involved in this tourism project, because the touri sm product offered is local community experiences, which means that everybody is involved. Directly earning income from this tourism project will be the locals working on building the facilities for accommodating tourists, the locals taking part in teaching the tourists about the customs and traditions of the Ewe tribe (basket weavers, the dancers), fishermen that will supply the eating place, and will also act as tourist guides, the boat makers.The youngsters of the village will benefit indirectly through educational programmes that will teach them about sustainable tourism and how to protect the environment and their local traditions and culture. This tourism project will positively affect and change the lives of the locals. Negative impacts might be over-dependence on tourism and tourism activity not constant. This is why the planning process needs to take into consideration these aspects and make sure the inflow of tourists is constant. Ghana Tourism Board will benefit through internationally raising awareness on tourism business in Ghana, the local/national government through taxes from the tourists/ taxes from the locals.This tourism product will be sold to the tourists through an independent niche travel agent who will benefit and make profit from the tourists that will book their holidays with them. (Hall and Richards, 2003). 7. Strategies to ensure cooperation with the local government The regulation of tourist development is heady by policies, which together inform an overall set of planning principles for the area being planned. The determination of these policies is based on several considerations. Thus, the form which tourism planning takes will be influenced by general government policies and private sector policies. Cited in Elm Publications (2002) page 6-1 Ghanas government has a berth to play in formulating appropriate policies and strategies for human resource development in tourism.Support for continental and regional structures are part of this, but it is also necessary to encourage private initiatives and, in particular, Ghanaian entrepreneurs. correctly conceived, government interventions in the tourism sector can play an important catalytic role. It is important, for example, to create institutional mechanisms that bring together governments and private entrepreneurs, thus avoiding damage that may be caused if they work at endanger purposes. Cited in CABI (2001) page 73 The problems in Ghanas tourism are closely related to to structural imbalances in its overall development pattern. There are no clear strategies for development in general or for tourism in particular, and tourism has not been integrated with other economic sectors.The economic crisis and the need to provide more employment compel governments to speed up replacement of expatriate older staff by nationals. Cited in CABI (2001) page 66, 68 7. 1 Human Resource (HR) in tourism development HR development in tourism is aimed at reducing dependence on import personnel and replacing them with workers from local areas. This requires an understanding of the market for labour in the tourism industry, and an awareness of duodecimal and qualitative requirements of the industry. Cited in CABI (2001) page 68, 72 7. 2 Education and Training It is important to emphasize in Ghanaian tourism, cooperation is especially urgent in education and training, as well as in a wide range of skills, including management and information technology.This should not be confined to the formal education system. turn formal training is obviously important, it may often be more beneficial and most cost-effective, in practice, to focus on informal training, either on the job or through programmes carefully custom-built to meet defined objectives and targeted at specific types of individuals. Cited in CABI (2001) page 73 8. Avoiding demonstration effects certainty effect is seen as a socio-cultural impact regarding the tourism activity and is referred to as the behavioural changes in the occupant population when coming in contact with tourists. The impacts are greater when the culture of the host community and the tourists is very different.This situation can have negative effects especially on the young host community who becomes resentful because they are unable to obtain the goods and lifestyle demonstrated by the visitors. (Burns and Holden, 1995). The demonstration effect may encourage youngsters to migrate from rural areas in search for the lifestyle from urban areas demonstrated by the tourists. (Mason, 2003). Demonstration effects in Deme village will be minimal because this is a small-scale project and the number of tourists visiting the area will be controlled by the travel agent involved in this project. Anyhow, the demonstration effect involves the individual perception of the locals upon the tourists behaviour and it is not something that can be measured and totally controlled.This could be minimal if locals are taught about the important value of their culture and that they should be proud of being part of the unique environment that surrounds them, and also the effects of globalization. Educational programmes should help minimise demonstration effects, together with sustainable development. (Mason, 2003). 9. Conclusion This case study report has analysed the development plan of a community-based ecotourism project in Ghana. The development plan of Deme village has been conducted having the community as the main resource for tourism. The local people are involved in all aspects of tourism activity in order to break the poverty barriers that enable the community to have a decent lifestyle.The local government is involved through educational programmes which will help the local community avoid demonstration effects and preserve the natural and cultural environment of Ewe tribe and Deme village. Bibliography Books Hall M (2008), Tourism Planning. Policies, Processes and Relationships 2nd ed. Englan d, Pearson Education Hall D. and Richards G. (2003) Tourism and sustainable community development, overbold York, Routledge Ham et al. West Africa Lonely Planet Harrison D (2001), Tourism and the Less Developed World, Oxon, CABI Publishing Inskeep E (1994), National and Regional Tourism Planning. Methodologies and case studies, London, International Thomson Business Press Lavery P (2002), Tourism Planning, Huntingdon, elm Publications Mason P. 2003) Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management, Oxford, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Nault H. W (1992), The World Book Encyclopaedia, Chicago, World Book Inc. Journals Herbert A. (2009), CSS. Volunteer My journey to Ghana, Africa available at http// www. ccsvolunteers. blogspot. com/ (accessed at 21/11/2009) Websites http//www. addictedtotravel. com/travel-guides/countries/ghana-travel-guide (accessed at 21/11/2009) http//www. addictedtotravel. com/places-to-visit/lake-volta_ghana-travel-guide (accessed at 21/11/2009) http//www. fallingrain . com/world/GH/0/DEME6. html (accessed at 21/11/2009) http//www. fipawa. ch/img/test2. jpg (accessed at 21/11/2009)